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Questions:

1. Explain the increasing order of energies of electromagnetic radiation.
2. Calculate the energy associated with radiation of 7600 wavelength.
3. Discuss the transitions of valence electrons in spectroscopy.
4. What are the degrees of freedom for non-linear atomic vibrations?
5. Derive the relation between wavelength and wave number for radiation.
6. Compare the wavelengths of IR rays, UV rays, X-rays, and gamma rays.
7. Describe the relationship between frequency, velocity, and wave number.
8. Identify the electromagnetic spectrum regions for given frequencies.
9. What is the moment of inertia of a CO molecule with isotopic combinations?
10. Which molecules do not show a pure rotational spectrum?
11. Discuss the vibrational modes of HO and similar molecules.
12. Which statements are incorrect about rotational spectra?
13. Define reduced mass and its significance in spectroscopy.
14. Explain the concept of microwave spectroscopy and its alternate name.
15. Discuss degeneracies in rotational energy levels for given quantum states.
16. Calculate the frequency of a rotational line for a diatomic molecule.
17. What is the rotational constant formula?
18. Explain the selection rule for rotational transitions.
19. Which molecules are active in microwave and infrared spectroscopy?
20. Analyze degrees of freedom for translation, rotation, and vibration in molecules.
21. What factors determine vibrational frequencies?
22. Describe the applications of infrared spectroscopy.
23. Calculate the vibrational frequency for given compounds.
24. What is the CGS unit of force constant?
25. Determine fundamental vibration frequencies from IR spectra.
26. Explain IR signal indications at specific frequencies.
27. Discuss the selection rules for Raman spectroscopy.
28. How does a Raman spectrometer function?
29. What factors influence Raman shift?
30. Describe Stokes and Antistokes lines in Raman spectra.
31. In which regions are Raman spectroscopy carried out?
32. What determines the intensity of Raman peaks?
33. Analyze shifts observed in Raman spectroscopy for given data.
34. Define rotational line spacing in rotational Raman spectra.
35. How was the wave nature of electrons verified?
36. Explain the possibility of free rotations about bond axes.
37. What determines the strength of covalent bonds?
38. Describe orbital involvement in hybridization of carbon atoms.
39. What is the significance of valence bond theory?
40. Under what conditions are molecules or ions stable?
41. Discuss the axial overlap in orbital bonding.
42. What happens to the potential energy of systems when bonds form?
43. Explain molecular orbital energy levels.
44. Identify hybridization types for given molecular structures.
45. What is the outcome of combining s and p orbitals in hybridization?
46. What principles govern molecular orbitals from LCAO?
47. When are s and p characters equal in bond formation?
48. What types of bonds are present in HO ion?
49. Which molecules have the strongest bond strengths?
50. What is the bond order formula for molecules?
51. Who proposed uncertainty relations like AxAp h/4?
52. Write the Schrodinger equation for electrons with given energy values.
53. Provide the mathematical representation of Bragg's law.
54. Explain LCAO principles and bonding-antibonding orbital energies.
55. Describe the energy of particles in one-dimensional boxes.
56. What determines position uncertainties given electron velocities?
57. Calculate the de Broglie wavelength for accelerated electrons.
58. How many revolutions can an electron make in circular orbits?
59. Determine ionization energy values for hydrogen atoms in ground states.
60. Which molecules possess permanent dipole moments?
61. What causes paramagnetism in substances?
62. Is dipole moment a scalar or vector quantity?
63. How is molar rotation calculated from polarimeter data?
64. What represents orientation polarization mathematically?
65. Which molecules do not possess dipole moments?
66. What are the units of dipole moment?
67. How do magnetic moments correlate with unpaired electrons?
68. How many optical isomers are possible for compounds with asymmetric carbons?
69. What substances show optical activity?
70. What is the functional group region in IR spectra?
71. Describe Maxwell's molecular velocity distributions.
72. Is optical activity a physical, constitutive, or magnetic property?
73. What term describes molecules with non-superimposable mirror images?
74. What is the fingerprint region in IR spectroscopy?
75. When is Beckmann thermometer used?
76. Explain roles of uranyl ions in oxalic acid decomposition.
77. What factors influence photochemical reactions?
78. What is the quantum efficiency if Einstein's photochemical law is strictly followed?
79. Calculate quantum yield values for photochemical reactions.
80. Whose law states absorbed radiations produce chemical reactions?
81. Explain photochemical activation through quantum absorption.
82. Who successfully explained photoelectric effects?
83. Which metals are primarily used in photoelectric cells?
84. Describe spin multiplicities based on Jablonski diagrams.
85. What initiates photochemical reactions?
86. Define phenomena in fireflies like chemiluminescence.
87. How is molar extinction used in Lambert-Beer's law applications?
88. Which solutions exhibit colligative properties?
89. What characteristics define ideal solutions?
90. What parameters are equal for isotonic solutions?
91. Calculate osmotic pressure for glucose solutions at specific concentrations.
92. What Van't Hoff factors apply to glucose and NaCl?
93. How is water desalination achieved through reverse osmosis?
94. Which molecular weights are calculated using colligative studies?
95. What is the normality of solutions with specific solute quantities?
96. How is molarity defined for given substances?
97. Find mole fractions for mixtures with given masses of components.
98. What determines colligative properties of solutions?