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Semester 1: Political Science Undergraduate Programme
Distinguishing features of Indian Political Tradition: Dharama, Rajdharma, Nitisastra, Dandaniti, Matsayanayay, Gansamgha
Distinguishing features of Indian Political Tradition
Dharama
Dharama refers to the moral and ethical duties that govern an individual's conduct. In the Indian political tradition, it emphasizes righteousness and the pursuit of justice. Leaders and rulers are expected to uphold dharma to maintain social order.
Rajdharma
Rajdharma is the duty of rulers to govern justly and ethically. It encompasses responsibilities toward subjects and the state. Adherence to rajdharma is crucial for maintaining legitimacy and stability within governance.
Nitisastra
Nitisastra relates to the science of politics and ethics, focusing on rules and strategies for governance. It includes principles of administration, diplomacy, and statecraft, guiding leaders in their conduct.
Dandaniti
Dandaniti emphasizes law and punishment as essential tools for maintaining order. It highlights the importance of establishing a legal framework that enforces dharma and deter injustice.
Matsayanayay
Matsayanayay, often referred to as the 'fish in water' analogy, signifies the survival of the fittest in political discourse. It implies that power dynamics require adaptability and astuteness in governance.
Gansamgha
Gansamgha refers to the concept of collective governance or community-based politics. It underscores the role of assemblies, councils, and democratic participation in decision-making processes.
Birth, Growth And The Political Trends In The Indian National Movement
Birth Growth And The Political Trends In The Indian National Movement
Historical Context
The Indian National Movement began in the late 19th century as a response to British colonial rule. Early organizations like the Indian National Congress were formed, advocating for increased Indian participation in governance.
Major Phases of the Movement
The movement can be divided into several phases: the formative phase (1885-1905), the national awakening (1905-1919), the Gandhian era (1915-1947), and the struggle for independence. Each phase saw different strategies and demands from the Indian leaders.
Key Figures
Prominent leaders of the movement included Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel. Each contributed distinct ideologies and methods of protest, from non-violent resistance to more militant approaches.
Growth of Nationalism
The rise of nationalism in India was characterized by events like the Partition of Bengal in 1905, the Jallianwala Bagh massacre in 1919, and the Non-Cooperation Movement. These events galvanized public support and increased anti-colonial sentiments.
Role of Mass Movements
Mass movements like the Salt March and Quit India Movement played a crucial role in mobilizing the Indian populace. These movements encouraged widespread participation across various demographics, challenging British authority.
Political Trends
The political landscape evolved with the emergence of various ideologies, ranging from moderate to extremist views. The demand for independence intensified after World War II, leading to negotiations for a transfer of power.
Legacy
The Indian National Movement laid the foundation for India's independence in 1947. Its impact is evident in contemporary political ideologies and institutions, shaping India's democratic processes.
Stages Of Constitutional Development, Making Of The Constituent Assembly, Philosophy Of Indian Constitution, Citizenship
Stages Of Constitutional Development
The constitutional development of India can be divided into several key stages, reflecting the evolving political landscape and governance requirements. The key stages include the Government of India Acts from 1919 to 1935, which laid the foundation for parliamentary democracy, followed by the Indian Independence Act of 1947, which marked the transition to self-governance. This era culminated in the adoption of the Constitution of India in 1950.
Making Of The Constituent Assembly
The Constituent Assembly was established in 1946 to draft the Constitution of India. It was formed through indirect elections and consisted of representatives from various provinces and princely states. The Assembly operated through debates and discussions, ultimately leading to the adoption of the Constitution on 26th January 1950. Key figures such as Dr. B.R. Ambedkar played pivotal roles in shaping its provisions.
Philosophy Of Indian Constitution
The Indian Constitution is founded on principles of justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity. It draws inspiration from various sources, including the American, British, and Irish constitutions. The preamble reflects the aspirations of the nation, ensuring social, economic, and political justice while promoting individual freedoms and the dignity of citizens. The Constitution aims to create a welfare state where every citizen can achieve their potential.
Citizenship
Citizenship in India is defined by the Constitution and the Citizenship Act of 1955. It outlines the criteria for obtaining citizenship, including birth, descent, registration, and naturalization. The Constitution provides for equal rights and responsibilities for all citizens regardless of religion, caste, or gender. Recent amendments and discussions have brought citizenship into the spotlight, especially concerning the rights of refugees and minority communities.
Fundamental Rights, Fundamental Duties, Directive Principles Of State Policy
Fundamental Rights, Fundamental Duties, Directive Principles of State Policy
Basic human rights guaranteed to all citizens by the Constitution.
Protect individual freedoms and establish legal recourse against discrimination.
Right to Equality
Right to Freedom
Right against Exploitation
Right to Freedom of Religion
Cultural and Educational Rights
Right to Constitutional Remedies
These rights can be enforced through the courts.
Moral obligations expected from citizens towards the nation.
Promote a sense of responsibility and enhance civic consciousness.
To abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals.
To cherish and follow the noble ideals that inspired the national struggle for freedom.
To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity, and integrity of India.
Guidelines for the State to formulate policies and laws.
Aim to create social and economic conditions for a just society.
Social Welfare
Economic Welfare
Educational Initiatives
Health and Nutrition
They are non-justiciable, meaning they are not enforceable by the courts.
History Of Conflict Between Fundamental Rights & Directive Principles, Process Of Amendment, Concept Of Basic Structure Of Constitution
History of Conflict Between Fundamental Rights & Directive Principles, Process of Amendment, Concept of Basic Structure of Constitution
Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy
Fundamental Rights are essential for the individual's freedom and are justiciable. Directive Principles, on the other hand, are guidelines for the government for social and economic welfare and are non-justiciable. The conflict often arises when the implementation of Directive Principles is seen to infringe upon the rights enshrined in Fundamental Rights.
Historical Background of the Conflict
The Constitution of India, adopted in 1950, includes both Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles. Initially, the relationship was seen as complementary, but over time, the judiciary has been called upon to interpret their scope and limits, leading to conflicts, especially in landmark cases like Kesavananda Bharati and Minerva Mills.
Process of Amendment
The Constitution provides a mechanism for its amendment under Article 368. Some amendments have focused on the balance between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles, establishing that while Parliament has the power to amend the Constitution, it cannot alter the basic structure.
Concept of Basic Structure
The Basic Structure doctrine emerged from the Supreme Court judgment in Kesavananda Bharati case in 1973. It holds that certain fundamental features of the Constitution cannot be altered or destroyed by amendments, protecting the core values enshrined in both Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles.
Recent Developments
Recent judicial pronouncements continue to evolve the relationship and balance between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles. The Supreme Court's role is crucial in defining the limits of State power in relation to individual rights.
Executive & Legislature: Powers & Functions of President, Prime Minister, Speaker, Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha; The Relationship Between The Governor & Chief Minister, The Legislative Assembly, The Legislative Council
Executive & Legislature: Powers & Functions of President, Prime Minister, Speaker, Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha; The Relationship Between The Governor & Chief Minister, The Legislative Assembly, The Legislative Council
Powers and Functions of the President
The President acts as the ceremonial head of state. Key functions include: 1. Appointing the Prime Minister and other ministers. 2. Summoning and proroguing Parliament sessions. 3. Giving assent to bills. 4. Exercising the power of veto. 5. Conducting elections and appointing governors.
Powers and Functions of the Prime Minister
The Prime Minister is the head of the government and holds significant powers, including: 1. Leading the executive branch and formulating policies. 2. Appointing members of the cabinet. 3. Representing India at international forums. 4. Making decisions on national security.
Powers and Functions of the Speaker
The Speaker of the Lok Sabha plays a crucial role in maintaining order in the House. Responsibilities include: 1. Presiding over debates and ensuring adherence to rules. 2. Deciding on points of order and maintaining decorum. 3. Representing the Lok Sabha to the President.
Functions of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha
1. Lok Sabha: The lower house, responsible for making laws, controlling finance, and representing the public. 2. Rajya Sabha: The upper house, reviews legislation, represents states, and has equal power in law-making.
Relationship Between Governor and Chief Minister
The Governor acts as the constitutional head of the state, while the Chief Minister is the executive head. The Governor: 1. Appoints the Chief Minister. 2. Can summon and dissolve the Legislative Assembly.
Functions of the Legislative Assembly and Legislative Council
1. Legislative Assembly: Makes laws, represents the electorate, and controls finances. 2. Legislative Council: Reviews and suggests amendments to bills, plays an advisory role.
Judiciary: Composition, Powers & Jurisdiction Of Supreme Court, High Court, District Court
Judiciary: Composition, Powers & Jurisdiction Of Supreme Court, High Court, District Court
Supreme Court: Composition
The Supreme Court is the apex court of India, established under Article 124 of the Constitution. It consists of the Chief Justice of India and a maximum of 33 judges, as determined by the President. The appointment of judges is made by the President based on the advice of the Prime Minister and consultation with the Chief Justice.
Supreme Court: Powers
The Supreme Court has extensive powers, including original, appellate, and advisory jurisdictions. It can hear cases involving Fundamental Rights, disputes between states, and matters of public interest. The court also has the power of judicial review, allowing it to invalidate laws or executive actions deemed unconstitutional.
Supreme Court: Jurisdiction
The Supreme Court's jurisdiction can be categorized into three types: original, appellate, and advisory. Original jurisdiction covers cases involving Article 131, appellate jurisdiction handles appeals from High Courts and lower courts, and advisory jurisdiction allows the court to provide opinions on questions of law referred by the President.
High Court: Composition
High Courts are the highest judicial authorities in each state or union territory, established under Article 214. Each High Court consists of a Chief Justice and other judges as determined by the President. The appointment process mirrors that of the Supreme Court.
High Court: Powers
High Courts possess original jurisdiction over certain cases, appellate jurisdiction over subordinate courts, and power of judicial review. They can also issue writs under Article 226 to enforce Fundamental Rights and for any other purpose.
High Court: Jurisdiction
The jurisdiction of High Courts can be classified into original and appellate jurisdiction. Original jurisdiction pertains to specific cases filed directly in the High Court, while appellate jurisdiction relates to appeals from lower courts. High Courts also have power to hear cases involving significant questions of law.
District Court: Composition
District Courts are subordinate to High Courts and operate at the district level. They are presided over by a District Judge and consist of various other judges depending on the district's size and population.
District Court: Powers
District Courts exercise original jurisdiction in civil and criminal matters and appellate jurisdiction in cases from lower courts. They handle a wide range of cases, including civil disputes, criminal offenses, and family matters.
District Court: Jurisdiction
The jurisdiction of District Courts includes the power to hear civil and criminal cases within the territorial limits of the district. They also deal with appeals from various subordinate courts, ensuring the functioning of the judicial system at the grassroots level.
Centre-State Relations: Administrative, Legislative & Financial, Special Provisions For Tribal Areas And North-East, Composition
Centre-State Relations: Administrative, Legislative & Financial, Special Provisions For Tribal Areas And North-East
Administrative Relations
The relationship between the Centre and the State governments involves coordination and cooperation. The Constitution sets out the responsibilities of each level. The Centre has the power to make laws on subjects in the Union List while the States have authority over the State List. Concurrent subjects require collaboration.
Legislative Relations
Legislative relations dictate that Parliament can legislate on issues of national importance, but states have the power to legislate on local matters. In cases of conflict, the Centre's law prevails. This relationship illustrates the federal structure as established by the Constitution. Also, the Rajya Sabha has representation from State Legislatures.
Financial Relations
Financial relations involve the distribution of revenue between the Centre and the States. The Constitution provides for various sources of revenue, including taxes and grants. The Finance Commission plays a key role in recommending the distribution of taxes and addressing fiscal imbalances.
Special Provisions for Tribal Areas
Certain provisions exist to protect the rights and welfare of tribal communities. These include autonomy and special governance structures, particularly in the Fifth and Sixth Schedule areas. Such provisions aim to preserve tribal culture and control over resources.
Special Provisions for North-East India
The North-East region enjoys special status due to its unique cultural and geographical characteristics. Policies include special financial assistance, autonomous councils, and the Sixth Schedule, which provides for self-governance and protection of local interests.
