Page 6
Semester 6: Era of Gandhi and Mass Movement
Entry of Gandhi and The Non Co-operation Movement
Entry of Gandhi and the Non Co-operation Movement
Background of Gandhi's Return to India
Gandhi returned to India in 1915 after spending over two decades in South Africa. His experiences there with civil rights movements influenced his approach to India's struggle for independence. He aimed to apply the principles of non-violent resistance he had developed in South Africa.
Philosophy of Non-violence
Gandhi's philosophy was rooted in the concepts of ahimsa (non-violence) and satyagraha (truth-force). He believed that non-violent action could bring about social and political change without resorting to violence, making it accessible to all segments of society.
Formation and Objectives of the Non Co-operation Movement
Launched in 1920, the Non Co-operation Movement aimed to resist British rule through non-violent means. It encouraged Indians to withdraw from British institutions, including schools, law courts, and government services, thereby exerting economic and political pressure on the British.
Mass Mobilization and Participation
The Non Co-operation Movement witnessed widespread participation across India, including people from different social, economic, and religious backgrounds. It marked the first time that Gandhi mobilized masses on such a large scale, emphasizing unity among diverse groups.
Impact on Indian Society and Politics
The movement significantly influenced Indian society, promoting nationalism and fostering a sense of unity. It also led to increased awareness of the political struggle and the importance of self-reliance, as it encouraged boycotting foreign goods and promoting indigenous products.
Repression and Withdrawal
In response to the movement, the British government intensified repression, leading to violent incidents such as the Chauri Chaura incident in 1922. Gandhi, adhering to his principles of non-violence, called for the suspension of the movement, which disappointed many supporters but demonstrated his commitment to non-violence.
Legacy of the Non Co-operation Movement
The Non Co-operation Movement laid the groundwork for future uprisings and movements in India. It established Gandhi as a national leader and highlighted the potential of mass movements in challenging colonial rule.
Establishment of Educational Institutions with special reference to Kashi Vidyapith, Varanasi
Establishment of Educational Institutions with special reference to Kashi Vidyapith, Varanasi
Historical Background
Kashi Vidyapith was established in 1920 as part of the broader national movement for independence. It aimed to provide education that emphasized Indian culture and values. The politically charged atmosphere of the time fueled the need for institutions that aligned with the nationalist agenda.
Founders and Key Figures
The establishment of Kashi Vidyapith was led by prominent figures including Mahatma Gandhi. Their vision was to create an educational institution that served the masses and was rooted in the Indian ethos. The university became a hub for many significant leaders in the freedom struggle.
Curriculum and Philosophy
Kashi Vidyapith focused on a curriculum that was both modern and traditional. It aimed to integrate Indian philosophy with subjects like science and arts. The instructional approach was based on the principles of self-reliance and character-building, reflecting Gandhi's vision of education.
Role in National Movement
The institution played a vital role in mobilizing students and the youth for the freedom struggle. It was a platform for discussions on social reform and nationalism, encouraging active participation in movements against colonial rule.
Impact on Society
Kashi Vidyapith contributed significantly to the socio-cultural development of the region. It helped in promoting literacy and awareness among the masses. The university's impact extended beyond education, influencing social reforms and the empowerment of marginalized communities.
Legacy and Modern Relevance
The legacy of Kashi Vidyapith continues in contemporary educational practices. It stands as a symbol of the struggle for educational independence and the importance of cultural identity in academia. The university today remains a center for research and innovation, upholding its foundational values.
Rise of Revolutionary Movement in India with special reference to Hindustan Republican Association, Socialist Republican Association and Trial of Bhagat Singh
Rise of Revolutionary Movement in India
Background of the Revolutionary Movement
The early 20th century saw a surge in revolutionary activities in India as people became increasingly disillusioned with British colonial rule. The desire for freedom and self-determination fueled various groups aiming to overthrow British authority.
Hindustan Republican Association
Founded in 1924, the Hindustan Republican Association was a key player in India's revolutionary movement. It sought to establish a socialist republic in India through violent means. Key figures included Ram Prasad Bismil and Ashfaqulla Khan, who executed several significant acts of rebellion.
Socialist Republican Association
Emerging later, the Socialist Republican Association aimed to combine socialist principles with revolutionary activity. This group focused not only on national independence but also on establishing a more equitable society. Leaders like Bhagat Singh were instrumental in promoting these ideas.
Bhagat Singh and His Ideology
Bhagat Singh became a prominent symbol of the revolutionary movement. His writings and actions were driven by a deep commitment to socialist and nationalist ideals. He criticized both colonial oppression and the exploitative nature of capitalism.
Trial of Bhagat Singh
The trial of Bhagat Singh and his associates in 1929 for the murder of John Saunders became a significant moment in India's fight for freedom. The trial garnered widespread attention, and Bhagat Singh's defense centered around the broader struggle against oppression.
Legacy of the Revolutionary Movement
The revolutionary movement had a lasting impact on India's struggle for independence. It inspired subsequent generations to fight against colonial rule and laid the foundation for future political movements advocating for freedom and social justice.
Rise of Revolutionary Movement outside India with special reference to Gadar Party
Background of Revolutionary Movements Outside India
The late 19th and early 20th centuries saw a rise in revolutionary movements globally as colonized nations fought for independence. Many Indians sought to join these movements, inspired by global events and ideologies of nationalism and socialism.
Formation of Gadar Party
The Gadar Party was founded in 1913 by Indian immigrants in the United States and Canada. Its goal was to liberate India from British rule through armed revolt. The party was composed primarily of Sikhs from Punjab and aimed to mobilize Indian expatriates.
Activities and Impact of the Gadar Party
The Gadar Party organized various activities, including the distribution of pamphlets and raising funds for revolutionary activities. They aimed to instigate an uprising in India, coordinating with discontented groups within the country. The party played a significant role in increasing revolutionary fervor among Indians abroad.
Gadar Movement and World War I
During World War I, the Gadar Party attempted to exploit the political situation by inciting revolts in India. In 1915, they planned a large-scale uprising, which ultimately failed due to lack of support and intelligence leakages.
Legacy of the Gadar Party
Though the Gadar Party's immediate attempts at insurrection failed, it left a lasting legacy. It inspired future generations of Indian revolutionaries and highlighted the role of the Indian diaspora in the struggle for independence.
Simon commission, Nehru report, The Civil Disobedience Movement
Era of Gandhi and Mass Movement
Simon Commission
The Simon Commission was formed in 1927 to review the Government of India Act 1919. It consisted of seven members, all of whom were British, which led to widespread criticism and protests from Indian political factions. The commission faced significant opposition, particularly from Congress and the Muslim League, as it did not include any Indian representatives. The protests against the commission were marked by slogans like 'Simon Go Back', and it highlighted the growing demand for self-governance in India. Ultimately, the commission failed to gain legitimacy, leading to the need for further discussions on constitutional reforms.
Nehru Report
The Nehru Report was drafted in 1928 by a committee of the Indian National Congress headed by Motilal Nehru. It was a response to the Simon Commission and aimed at proposing a new constitutional framework for India. The report called for dominion status for India and suggested a parliamentary system of government. It also recommended the inclusion of fundamental rights for citizens. However, the report faced backlash from Muslims who felt their rights were not adequately protected, leading to the formation of the Jinnah-led demand for separate representation for Muslims.
The Civil Disobedience Movement
The Civil Disobedience Movement began in 1930, led by Mahatma Gandhi as a response to the Salt Act imposed by the British. Gandhi emphasized the concept of non-violence and non-cooperation, encouraging Indians to peacefully defy unjust laws. The Dandi March, where Gandhi walked to the sea to make salt, became a pivotal moment in the movement. The movement garnered widespread participation across various sections of society, demonstrating mass support for independence. Gandhi's approach of civil disobedience not only brought international attention to India's struggle but also laid the groundwork for future protests against British rule.
The Quit India Movement
The Quit India Movement
Background and Causes
The Quit India Movement was launched in August 1942, during World War II. The primary causes included dissatisfaction with British colonial rule, economic difficulties faced by Indians, and the demand for complete independence. Key events leading to the movement included the failure of the Cripps Mission and increasing demands for self-rule.
Key Events and Timeline
The movement was officially launched on August 8, 1942, with a call for immediate withdrawal of the British from India. The All India Congress Committee met in Bombay, and Mahatma Gandhi gave the famous slogan 'Do or Die'. The movement saw widespread protests, strikes, and demonstrations throughout the country.
Government Response
The British government responded with widespread repression, arresting leaders such as Gandhi, Nehru, and Patel. The movement was met with violence, and many protesters were imprisoned, demonstrating the government's unwillingness to concede to Indian demands.
Impact and Significance
Although the Quit India Movement was suppressed, it marked a significant turning point in the Indian independence struggle. It united various sections of society against British rule and showcased the determination of the Indian populace for independence. It intensified the resolve for self-rule and contributed to the ultimate defeat of British colonialism.
Legacy
The legacy of the Quit India Movement remains influential in India's history. It inspired future generations to continue the struggle for freedom and shaped India's national identity. The movement is remembered as a crucial event that galvanized the Indian populace against colonial oppression.
Constitutional Crisis : Cripps and Cabinet Mission
Constitutional Crisis : Cripps and Cabinet Mission
Background of the Cripps Mission
In March 1942, the British government sent Sir Stafford Cripps to India to negotiate with Indian leaders. The Cripps Mission aimed to secure Indian cooperation in World War II by promising a post-war autonomy.
Objectives of the Cripps Mission
The Cripps Mission sought to offer substantial autonomy to Indian provinces, promising a new constitution and the right to form in the future a dominion government. It aimed to address Indian demands for self-governance.
Reactions to the Cripps Mission
The proposals were met with widespread disappointment from Indian leaders, notably the Congress and Muslim League. They deemed the plan inadequate and failed to meet the demand for full independence.
Consequences of the Cripps Mission
The failure of the Cripps Mission led to the frustration of Indian leaders and intensified demands for independence. It also resulted in the launch of the Quit India Movement in August 1942, escalating mass protests against British rule.
Cabinet Mission of 1946
In 1946, the British government sent a Cabinet Mission to India with the goal of discussing the transfer of power and forming a constitution. It aimed to reconcile different Indian political factions.
Proposals of the Cabinet Mission
The Cabinet Mission proposed to create a federal structure of government with substantial autonomy for provinces and the right to form a constituent assembly, addressing regional and communal aspirations.
Reactions to the Cabinet Mission
The Cabinet Mission received initial support from the Congress and the Muslim League, as the proposals provided a framework for negotiating Indian self-government. However, debates over power-sharing led to disputes.
Impact on Indian Politics
The Cabinet Mission ultimately failed to resolve differences between the Congress and the Muslim League, leading to increased tensions and the eventual partition of India into two separate nations.
Subhas Chandra Bose and Indian National Army
Subhas Chandra Bose and Indian National Army
Subhas Chandra Bose: Biography
Subhas Chandra Bose was a prominent Indian nationalist leader known for his role in the Indian independence movement against British rule. Born in 1897 in Cuttack, he was educated in England and later became involved in nationalist politics.
Ideological Beliefs
Bose believed in the use of force to achieve independence, contrasting with Mahatma Gandhi's non-violent approach. He was influenced by socialist principles and sought broader support from various sections of society.
Formation of the Indian National Army (INA)
In 1943, Bose established the Indian National Army to fight against British rule, initially formed with prisoners of war from the British Indian Army and Indian expatriates in Southeast Asia. The INA aimed to liberate India with the help of Axis powers during World War II.
Collaboration with Axis Powers
Bose sought assistance from Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan. He believed that aligning with these powers would help India gain independence from British rule.
Contributions and Actions
The INA under Bose's leadership participated in military campaigns against British forces in India and worked to inspire and mobilize the Indian populace. Bose's leadership galvanized the Indian diaspora and garnered support for the independence movement.
Legacy and Impact
Bose remains a significant figure in India's struggle for independence. His ideas inspired future generations of nationalists, and his activities led to discussions on the role of armed struggle in achieving freedom.
Mountbatten Plan, Partition and Independence
Mountbatten Plan, Partition and Independence
Background of the Mountbatten Plan
The Mountbatten Plan was introduced in response to the growing unrest in India and the demand for independence. Lord Louis Mountbatten was appointed as the Viceroy of India in 1947 and was tasked with overseeing the transition of British India to independence.
Key Provisions of the Mountbatten Plan
The plan proposed a quick transfer of power, partitioning India into two independent dominions: India and Pakistan. It included provisions for boundary demarcation and the governance of princely states.
Partition of India
The partition led to the creation of Pakistan as a separate nation for Muslims, while India retained a secular government. This division resulted in widespread communal violence, mass migrations, and significant loss of life.
Impact of the Mountbatten Plan
The plan resulted in the abrupt end of British colonial rule but also led to tragic consequences, including dislocation of millions, inter-religious violence and communal riots that shaped the subcontinent's future.
Legacy of the Partition
The partition has left enduring legacies in India and Pakistan, affecting bilateral relations, national identities, and societal dynamics, leading to ongoing conflicts and discussions around communal harmony.
Independence and its Challenges
While independence was celebrated, it also brought challenges such as integration of princely states, communal tensions, and establishing a stable governance structure in the new nations.
