Page 12
Semester 6: B.Sc Internet of Things
Basics of Python programming, features, operators, data types
Basics of Python Programming
Introduction to Python
Python is a high-level, interpreted programming language known for its clear syntax and readability. It is widely used for web development, data analysis, artificial intelligence, and more.
Features of Python
Key features include simplicity, versatility, an extensive standard library, and support for multiple programming paradigms such as procedural, object-oriented, and functional programming.
Operators in Python
Python supports various operators: arithmetic (e.g., +, -, *, /), comparison (e.g., ==, !=, >, <), logical (e.g., and, or, not), and bitwise operators. Operators are essential for performing operations on variables and values.
Data Types in Python
Python includes several built-in data types: 1. Numeric - int, float, complex 2. Sequence - str, list, tuple 3. Mapping - dict 4. Set - set, frozenset 5. Boolean - bool 6. Binary Types - bytes, bytearray, memoryview These data types are dynamically typed, allowing for flexibility in variable assignments.
Control statements: conditionals, loops, jump statements
Control statements: conditionals, loops, jump statements
Conditionals
Conditionals allow the execution of certain pieces of code based on whether a specific condition is true or false. In Python, the primary conditional statements include if, elif, and else. An if statement evaluates a condition, and if true, executes the associated code block. Elif allows checking multiple conditions, while else provides a fallback for when no conditions are met.
Loops
Loops enable the repetition of code blocks until a specified condition is satisfied. Python provides two main types of loops: for loops and while loops. For loops iterate over a sequence (like a list or a string), executing the code block for each element. While loops continue to execute as long as the given condition is true, allowing for dynamic iteration based on changing conditions.
Jump Statements
Jump statements in Python control the flow of execution by altering the normal process. The primary jump statements are break, continue, and return. Break exits the loop prematurely, while continue skips the current iteration and moves to the next one. Return is used within functions to exit and send a value back to the caller.
Functions: definition, scope, recursion, arguments
Functions
Definition
A function is a reusable block of code that performs a specific task. It takes input, performs operations, and returns an output.
Scope
Scope refers to the visibility of variables within different parts of a program. In functions, variables defined inside have local scope.
Recursion
Recursion is when a function calls itself. It is useful for solving problems that can be broken down into smaller, similar problems, but requires a base case to prevent infinite loops.
Arguments
Arguments are the values that are passed to a function when it is called. They allow functions to operate on different data inputs.
Data structures: Lists, Tuples, Dictionaries, Strings, File handling
Data structures: Lists, Tuples, Dictionaries, Strings, File handling
Lists
Lists are ordered collections that can hold a variety of data types. They are mutable, which means they can be modified after creation. Common operations include adding, removing, and slicing elements. Lists support indexing and can be nested.
Tuples
Tuples are similar to lists but are immutable. Once created, their contents cannot be altered. They are often used for fixed collections of items and can contain any data type. Tuples support indexing and can also be nested.
Dictionaries
Dictionaries are unordered collections of key-value pairs. Keys are unique and are used to access values. They are mutable, allowing updates and deletions. Dictionaries are useful for structured data and can contain various data types as values.
Strings
Strings are sequences of characters and are immutable in Python. Common operations include concatenation, slicing, and formatting. Strings can be used for text manipulation and support various methods for searching and modifying content.
File handling
File handling in Python involves reading from and writing to files. Common operations include opening files in different modes (read, write, append), reading content, writing data, and closing files. Additionally, context managers are used for efficient file management.
