IGNOU BHDLA-135 Solved Question Paper PDF Download

IGNOU BHDLA-135 Previous Year Solved Question Paper in Hindi

IGNOU BHDLA-135 Previous Year Solved Question Paper in English

Q1. Discuss the latest rules related to Devanagari script and Hindi spelling with examples.

Ans. Establishing rules for script and spelling is essential to bring uniformity and standardization to a language. Devanagari, the script in which Hindi is written, is a scientific script, but to eliminate variations in its usage, the Central Hindi Directorate of the Government of India has periodically set rules. The objective of these updated rules is to bring clarity and simplicity to writing. The main updated rules related to Devanagari script and Hindi spelling are as follows:

• Use of Shirorekha: The use of the headline (shirorekha) on every word is mandatory in the Devanagari script. It helps in distinguishing words from one another. For example – कमल घर चल .
• Standard forms of letters: Old forms of some letters have been replaced by their new standard forms. For instance, the use of ‘अ’ (new) instead of ‘अ’ (old), ‘झ’ instead of ‘झ’, ‘भ’ instead of ‘भ’, and ‘ल’ instead of ‘ल’ has been standardized.
• Rules for Conjunct Consonants:
  • When forming conjuncts with consonants that have a vertical line (khadi pai) (e.g., ग, प, स), the vertical line is removed. Examples: पक्का, विघ्न, व्यास .
  • For other consonants (e.g., ट, ठ, ड, ढ, द, ह), a halant (्) is used to create conjuncts. Examples: लड्डू, बुड्ढा, चिह्न, विद्वान् .
  • The different forms of ‘र’ have been standardized:
    • Reph (र्): धर्म, कर्म .
    • Paden (प्र): प्रकाश, क्रम .
    • Paden (ट्र): ट्रक, राष्ट्र .
• Use of Anusvar (ं) and Anunasik (ँ): The use of Anusvar (dot) in place of the fifth letters of consonant classes (ङ, ञ, ण, न, म) is considered standard if they are followed by a consonant of the same class. For example, ‘गंगा’ instead of ‘गङ्गा’, ‘चंचल’ instead of ‘चञ्चल’. Where both nasal and oral sounds are used in pronunciation, the Chandrabindu (Anunasik) is used. Examples: हँसना, चाँद, गाँव .
• Use of Case Markers (Vibhakti Chinh): Case markers (ने, को, से, में, पर etc.) are written separately after nouns, but are joined with pronouns. Example: राम ने कहा। (Noun) Example: उसने कहा। (Pronoun)
• Verbs and Adverbs: In compound verbs, all verb components are written separately, like – पढ़ा करता है . Adverbs like ‘तक’, ‘साथ’ are always written separately. For example – मेरे साथ .

The purpose of these rules is to make Hindi spelling more logical, simple, and scientific, so that the language can be used easily on computers and other technological platforms.

Q2. Throw light on the various forms of Hindi used in mass media.

Ans. Mass media have played a significant role in the propagation and promotion of the Hindi language. In this process, various forms of Hindi have evolved depending on the nature of the medium, its purpose, and the target audience/readership. These forms demonstrate the vitality and adaptability of the language. The various forms of Hindi used in mass media are as follows: 1. Hindi in Print Media (Newspapers and Magazines):

• The Hindi used here is generally standard, refined, and grammatically correct .
• The sentence structure is well-formed, and the vocabulary can be rich in Tatsam (Sanskrit-derived) words, especially in editorials and serious articles.
• Example: “सरकार ने आर्थिक सुधारों को गति देने हेतु एक नई नीतिगत रूपरेखा की घोषणा की है।” (The government has announced a new policy framework to accelerate economic reforms.)

2.

Hindi in Electronic Media (Television and Radio):

• The Hindi of news channels , while standard, is closer to spoken language to be easily understood by the general audience. Since visuals are supportive, the language is kept simple.
• The Hindi used in entertainment channels (serials, reality shows) is very common, natural, and corresponds to the social status of the characters. It often includes idioms, proverbs, and sometimes a touch of regional dialects.
• The language of a Radio Jockey (RJ) is extremely informal, energetic, and targeted at the youth. It extensively uses a mix of English words (Hinglish). For example – “Hey guys, what’s up? Aaj ka weather awesome hai!”

3.

Hindi in Advertising:

• The main purpose of the language of advertising is to grab attention and popularize a product.
• This language is creative, catchy, and concise . It often uses rhymes, slogans, and Hinglish.
• Examples: “Thanda Matlab Coca-Cola”, “Yeh Dil Maange More!”

4.

Hindi on Digital/Social Media:

• This is the most informal and rapidly changing form of Hindi.
• Here, along with Devanagari, the Roman script (Hinglish) is heavily used.
• The use of abbreviations (like ‘k’ for ‘kya’), emojis, and memes is an integral part of the language.

*Grammatical rules are often ignored, and the emphasis is on immediate expression.

In conclusion, there is no single, fixed form of Hindi in the mass media. Instead, it is used in various forms according to its purpose and medium, which is a testament to its comprehensiveness and flexibility.

Q3. Explain the speciality of the use of Hindi language in the subject of Political Science with examples.

Ans. Every field of knowledge has its specific language, known as a ‘register’ (प्रयुक्ति). In a serious and analytical subject like Political Science, the use of the Hindi language is known for certain special characteristics. Its purpose is to present the concepts of the subject accurately, clearly, and objectively. The specialities of the use of Hindi language in Political Science are as follows: 1. Use of Technical Terminology: Political Science has its own technical and terminological vocabulary that expresses specific concepts. In Hindi, this vocabulary is largely derived from Sanskrit to maintain subtlety and seriousness of meaning.

• Examples: लोकतंत्र (Democracy), संप्रभुता (Sovereignty), गणराज्य (Republic), धर्मनिरपेक्षता (Secularism), कार्यपालिका (Executive), न्यायपालिका (Judiciary), विधेयक (Bill), संविधान (Constitution).

2.

Formal and Objective Style:

The language of this subject is detached from emotion or embellishment; it is neutral and fact-based. Ideas are presented in a logical manner. The nature of the language is objective rather than subjective.

• Example: “भारतीय संविधान के अनुच्छेद 19 के अंतर्गत नागरिकों को अभिव्यक्ति की स्वतंत्रता का मूल अधिकार प्रदान किया गया है।” (Under Article 19 of the Indian Constitution, citizens have been granted the fundamental right to freedom of expression.) In this sentence, the information is conveyed directly and clearly.

3.

Complex and Compound Sentence Structures:

To express the complexity of political concepts and processes, long, compound, and complex sentences are often used. Through various clauses, cause-and-effect relationships, comparisons, and analyses are presented.

4.

Expression of Abstract Concepts:

Political Science discusses many abstract concepts like justice, equality, and liberty. The Hindi language, with its capability, effectively expresses these profound and abstract ideas. For instance, clarifying the difference between ‘positive liberty’ and ‘negative liberty’.

5.

Clarity and Unambiguity of Meaning:

In academic writing, especially in the fields of law and politics, it is essential for words to be unambiguous. That is why specifically coined technical terms are often used instead of common words, to leave no room for confusion.

In short, the Hindi used in Political Science is a specific academic register that accurately communicates the serious knowledge of the subject through its technical vocabulary, objective style, and logical structure.

Q4. What do you understand by Fine Arts? Write a short essay on the development of Indian Fine Arts.

Ans. Meaning of Fine Arts: Fine Arts refers to those arts that are created primarily for aesthetic appreciation and the experience of beauty, rather than for any practical or utilitarian purpose. These arts are expressions of human creativity, imagination, and emotions. In them, the artist gives form to their inner feelings through shape, color, sound, word, or movement. Traditionally, five major forms of fine arts are recognized – Painting, Sculpture, Architecture, Music, and Poetry . These arts are the soul of any culture and reflect its aesthetics, philosophy, and life values. Development of Indian Fine Arts (A Short Essay): The tradition of Indian fine arts is ancient, rich, and has been in continuous flow. Its development has been influenced by the social, religious, and political conditions of various eras. Ancient Period: Indian art can be traced back to the prehistoric paintings in rock shelters like Bhimbetka. The seals, mother goddess figurines, and the bronze ‘dancing girl’ statue from the Indus Valley Civilization (c. 2500 BCE) are evidence of a high level of artistic sense. In the Mauryan period, the stone pillars of Emperor Ashoka and the stupas at Sanchi are excellent examples of architecture and sculpture. The Gupta period is called the ‘Golden Age’ of Indian art. During this time, marvelous murals in the Ajanta-Ellora caves and sculptures full of classical beauty were created. Medieval Period: In this period, temple architecture reached its zenith. Grand temples in the Nagara style in North India and the Dravida style in South India were built, such as the temples of Khajuraho and Tanjore. During the Sultanate and Mughal periods, Indian art was influenced by Islamic culture, leading to the development of Indo-Islamic architecture. The Mughals gave special patronage to architecture (Taj Mahal, Red Fort) and Miniature Painting. The Rajasthani and Pahari schools of painting also developed during this time. Modern Period: During British rule, Indian art was influenced by the West. In response, a renaissance in Indian art occurred in the early 20th century through the ‘Bengal School of Art’. Artists like Abanindranath Tagore, Nandalal Bose, and Amrita Sher-Gil acted as a bridge between modernity and tradition. Contemporary Period: After independence, Indian artists, taking inspiration from global art movements, have created their own distinct identity. Today, Indian fine art is continuously progressing with diverse mediums, forms, and subjects and is being appreciated internationally. It is a symbol of India’s cultural vitality.

Q5. Write short notes on any two of the following: (a) Mismatch between sound and script (b) Basis of Register (Prayukti) (c) Hindi in the field of Social Sciences (d) National Festivals

Ans. (a) Mismatch between sound and script The ideal situation for any language is to have one script symbol for one sound, and for one script symbol to represent only one sound. When there is a deviation from this ideal, it is called a mismatch between sound and script. Hindi’s Devanagari script is one of the most scientific scripts in the world, and this mismatch is minimal, whereas it is very high in languages like English. Nevertheless, some mismatches can be observed in Devanagari:

• Omission of the ‘a’ sound: The ‘a’ (schwa) sound is considered inherent in every Devanagari consonant (e.g., ‘क’ = क् + अ). However, it is often not pronounced at the end of a word or sometimes in the middle, but there is no separate mark to indicate this. For example, ‘कमल’ is pronounced ‘Kamal’ (with a silent ‘a’ at the end) but is written as ‘Kamala’.
• Multiple symbols for one sound: For some sounds, more than one symbol exists, although the subtle difference in their original pronunciation has now been lost in common speech. For example, ‘श’ and ‘ष’ are often pronounced just like ‘स’ in many regions.
• Problem of conjunct letters: ‘क्ष’, ‘त्र’, ‘ज्ञ’ are three conjunct letters, but their sounds seem different from the combination of ‘क्+ष’, ‘त्+र’, and ‘ज्+ञ’ respectively. The pronunciation of ‘ज्ञ’ is more like ‘gya’.

Despite these few examples, the harmony between sound and script in Devanagari is better than in most other scripts.

(b) Basis of Register (Prayukti) ‘Register’ (प्रयुक्ति) is the specific form of a language used for a particular context, subject, or purpose. It is a style of language behavior that changes according to the situation. The same person uses different forms of language in different situations. The main bases for determining a register are as follows:

• Subject Matter: The subject is the most significant basis for a register. The language of science is different from the language of literature. Similarly, the languages of law, commerce, sports, and religion have their own specific vocabulary and sentence structures.
• Speaker-Listener Relationship: The relationship between the speaker and the listener determines the form of the language. For example, the language used when talking to a friend will be informal, while the language used when talking to a boss will be formal.
• Purpose: The purpose of the language also affects the register. There is a difference in the language used to inform, to persuade, to entertain, or to command.
• Medium: Whether the language medium is written or spoken also creates a difference in register. Written language is more structured and standard, while spoken language can be more spontaneous and informal.

Thus, register is proof of the versatility of a language and its sensitivity to social contexts.

(c) Hindi in the field of Social Sciences Social Sciences include subjects like History, Political Science, Sociology, and Economics. After independence, serious efforts were made to establish Hindi as a medium for study, teaching, and research in these subjects. The use of Hindi in this field has its own specialities and challenges. Specialities:

• Development of Technical Terminology: To express the complex and abstract concepts of these subjects, a large number of technical terms were created by the Commission for Scientific and Technical Terminology. This vocabulary is mostly based on Sanskrit, e.g., ‘पूंजीवाद’ (Capitalism), ‘समाजवाद’ (Socialism), ‘भूमंडलीकरण’ (Globalization).
• Analytical and Logical Language: Social sciences involve the analysis of events and theories; hence, the language emphasizes logic, objectivity, and systematic presentation.
• National Perspective: Writing on social sciences in Hindi is often centered on the Indian society and perspective, which distinguishes it from writings in English.

Challenges:

Initially, there were challenges like a lack of standard terminology, a dearth of original research, and dependence on material available in English. However, the situation has improved significantly now, and high-level academic writing in Hindi is continuously increasing.

(d) National Festivals National festivals are special days that all citizens of a nation celebrate together, without any discrimination. These festivals are symbols of the nation’s unity, sovereignty, and glorious history. These days are not religious or regional but are associated with the identity of the entire nation. In India, three main national festivals are celebrated:

1. Independence Day (15th August): This festival is celebrated in memory of India’s independence from British rule on August 15, 1947. On this day, the Prime Minister of India hoists the flag at the Red Fort in Delhi and addresses the nation. This day reminds us of the sacrifices of our freedom fighters.
2. Republic Day (26th January): This festival is celebrated to mark the enforcement of the Constitution of India on January 26, 1950, and India becoming a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic. On this occasion, a grand parade is held in New Delhi, showcasing India’s military strength and cultural diversity.
3. Gandhi Jayanti (2nd October): This festival is celebrated to mark the birthday of the Father of the Nation, Mahatma Gandhi. Remembering Gandhi’s principles of truth and non-violence, prayer meetings and other programs are organized on this day. The United Nations has also recognized this day as the ‘International Day of Non-Violence’.

These national festivals instill feelings of patriotism, unity, and national pride among the citizens of the country.

Q6. Explain the meaning of any five of the following technical/specialized terms: (a) Bitcoin (b) E-wallet (c) Net Banking (d) Nanotechnology (e) Artificial Intelligence (f) Cashless economy

Ans. (a) Bitcoin: This is a type of digital currency (cryptocurrency) that has no physical form. It is a decentralized currency, meaning it is not controlled by any central bank or institution. Its transactions are conducted directly between two people (peer-to-peer) over a computer network, without the need for an intermediary. (b) E-wallet: Its full name is ‘Electronic Wallet’. It is a type of digital purse , which exists as a mobile app or computer software. We can load money into it via our debit/credit cards or net banking and use it for online payments, shopping, ticket booking, and money transfers. Examples: Paytm, Google Pay, PhonePe. (c) Net Banking: Also known as ‘Internet Banking’ or ‘Online Banking’. It is a facility provided by banks through which customers can perform various tasks related to their bank account, such as transferring money, checking balances, paying bills, etc., from the comfort of their homes using the internet. (d) Nanotechnology: This is a field of science and engineering that involves controlling and utilizing matter at an extremely small scale (nanoscale, which is one-billionth of a meter). This technology is being used to create revolutionary products in medicine, electronics, energy, and many other fields. (e) Artificial Intelligence: Known in Hindi as ‘कृत्रिम बुद्धिमत्ता’. It is a branch of computer science that aims to create machines or software that can think, understand, learn, and solve problems like humans. It includes technologies like machine learning, pattern recognition, and language processing. (f) Cashless Economy: This refers to an economic system where financial transactions are rarely conducted using physical currency (notes and coins), and most payments are made through digital means such as debit/credit cards, e-wallets, net banking, UPI, etc.

Q7. Keeping in mind the points of essay writing, write an essay on any one of the following topics: (a) Indian Democracy (b) Cultural and National Awakening

Ans. (a) Indian Democracy Introduction: “Democracy” means ‘government of the people, for the people, by the people’. India is the world’s largest democracy. With the implementation of its constitution on January 26, 1950, India began its journey as a sovereign, socialist, secular, and democratic republic. The foundation of Indian democracy is laid on the pillars of justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity. Pillars of Democracy: To run the Indian democracy smoothly, the constitution has provided for three main organs – the Legislature, the Executive, and the Judiciary . The Legislature (Parliament) makes laws, the Executive (government) implements those laws, and the Judiciary protects the constitution and interprets the laws. In addition to these three, the free and fair Media is considered the ‘fourth pillar of democracy’, ensuring government accountability. Successes of Indian Democracy: In its journey of over 75 years, Indian democracy has achieved many milestones. Regular free and fair elections, peaceful transfer of power, and the fundamental rights granted to citizens are its biggest successes. Maintaining the unity and integrity of the country despite linguistic, religious, and cultural diversity is a testament to the maturity of Indian democracy. Challenges: Along with successes, Indian democracy also faces numerous challenges. Problems like corruption, poverty, illiteracy, and unemployment weaken the roots of democracy. The criminalization of politics, the increasing use of money and muscle power in elections, and tendencies like casteism and communalism are also serious concerns. The lack of aware and active citizen participation is also a major challenge. Conclusion: Undoubtedly, Indian democracy is a vibrant and dynamic system. It has withstood many internal and external shocks and has grown stronger over time. To tackle the challenges, it is essential to spread awareness among citizens, promote education, and maintain the independence of constitutional institutions. An aware citizen is the true guardian of democracy, and we all must fulfill this role with utmost dedication.

Q8. Write the correct spelling of any five of the following words: (a) पेड (b) निरमल (c) उदेश्य (घ) पथ्थर (ड) अकल (च) चिठ्ठी

Ans. (a) पेड (Ped) – पेड़ (Ped) (b) निरमल (Niramal) – निर्मल (Nirmal) (c) उदेश्य (Udeshya) – उद्देश्य (Uddeshya) (d) पथ्थर (Paththar) – पत्थर (Patthar) (e) अकल (Akal) – अक्ल (Akl) (f) चिठ्ठी (Chiththi) – चिट्ठी (Chitthi)