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IGNOU BHDC-114 Previous Year Solved Question Paper in Hindi

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Q1. Elucidate on Administrative Hindi and the Hindi of mass media.

Ans. Functional Hindi has two significant forms: Administrative Hindi and the Hindi of mass media. The purpose of both is communication, but they differ significantly in their nature, vocabulary, sentence structure, and field of application. Administrative Hindi: Administrative Hindi is used in government work, administration, and offices. It is the practical form of Official Language Hindi . Its nature is extremely formal, objective, and rule-bound .

• Vocabulary: It uses technical and defined terms , such as ‘adhisochna’ (notification), ‘paripatra’ (circular), ‘karyavahi’ (proceedings), ‘anumodan’ (approval), etc. The meaning of these words is fixed and uniform.
• Sentence Structure: The sentence structure can be complex and long. The passive voice is frequently used, for example, “Yah suchit kiya jata hai” (It is hereby informed) or “Sweekriti pradan ki jati hai” (Approval is granted).
• Objective: Its main objective is to communicate government policies, rules, and orders clearly and precisely. There is no place for emotionality or ornamentation.

Hindi of Mass Media:

The Hindi of mass media is used in newspapers, magazines, radio, television, and the internet. Its goal is to deliver information, education, and entertainment to a large and diverse audience.

• Vocabulary: Its vocabulary is simple, easy, and close to common parlance . Words from English and other languages (e.g., ‘breaking news’, ‘prime time’, ‘budget’) are readily adopted. It is very dynamic and contemporary.
• Sentence Structure: Sentences are short, simple, and catchy to immediately grab the reader’s or listener’s attention. Headlines and punchlines are particularly creative.
• Objective: Its purpose is to present information in an interesting and comprehensible manner. It adapts itself according to the language and interests of the target audience. In short, while the language of administrative Hindi is structured, standardized, and impersonal, the language of mass media Hindi is more flexible, creative, and people-oriented.

Q2. Critically examine the characteristics of technical terms and clarify the need for the creation and development of technical terminology.

Ans. Technical terms are words that express a definite and well-defined meaning within a specific field of knowledge or science. Unlike general words, their meaning does not change with context. Key Characteristics of Technical Terms:

• Clarity and Precision: The meaning of a technical term is completely clear and precise. There is no ambiguity. For example, in physics, ‘gravitation’ has only one specific meaning.
• Monosemy (Non-synonymous): Only one term is used for a single concept. It does not have synonyms to avoid confusion.
• Conciseness: Technical terms are often concise for ease of use. For example, ‘Laser’ (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation).
• Association with a Specific Field: Every technical term is related to a specific domain of knowledge, such as law, medicine, science, commerce, etc.
• Originality in Structure: New technical terms are created using root words, prefixes, and suffixes to be consistent with the nature of the language.


Need for Creation and Development of Technical Terminology:


With the continuous advancement of knowledge and science, the creation and development of technical terminology are extremely necessary. The main reasons for this need are as follows:

• Dissemination of Knowledge: For any language to become a carrier of knowledge and science, it is essential to have the technical terminology of the relevant subjects. Without it, higher education and research are not possible in that language.
• Standardization of Language: Technical terminology standardizes a language and facilitates the exchange of ideas in various fields.
• Ease of Translation: A developed terminology makes it easier to translate scientific and technical literature from other languages into Hindi.
• National Identity and Self-Reliance: The development of terminology in one’s own language makes a nation intellectually self-reliant and strengthens its linguistic identity. The Government of India’s ‘Commission for Scientific and Technical Terminology’ (CSTT) is working in this direction.

Therefore, to place Hindi on par with the modern languages of the world and to make it a language of knowledge and science, the continuous creation and development of technical terminology is indispensable.

Q3. Introducing scientific Hindi and official Hindi, clarify the difference in their sentence structures.

Ans. Scientific Hindi and Official Hindi are both specific forms of functional Hindi, used in the fields of science and administration, respectively. The nature of both is formal, yet there are clear differences in their vocabulary and sentence structure. Introduction to Scientific Hindi: Scientific Hindi is used for the expression of facts, principles, and processes related to science and technology. Its language is factual, objective, and logical . There is no place for emotions or embellishments. Its vocabulary is purely technical, e.g., ‘koshika’ (cell), ‘prakash-sanshleshan’ (photosynthesis), ‘aavritti’ (frequency), etc. Introduction to Official Hindi: Official Hindi is used in government and semi-government offices for carrying out administrative work. It is also called ‘Administrative Hindi’. Its language is formal, standardized, and hierarchical . Its purpose is to provide information, issue orders/instructions, and prepare records. Difference in Sentence Structure:

Basis	Sentence Structure of Scientific Hindi	Sentence Structure of Official Hindi
Voice	Due to the predominance of facts, the Passive Voice is used extensively. e.g., “Jal Hydrogen aur Oxygen se banta hai.” (Water is made of Hydrogen and Oxygen.)	The passive voice is also used here, but the designation is more important than the doer. e.g., “Nideshanusar suchit kiya jata hai.” (It is informed as per directions.)
Position of the Subject	Sentences are often subject-less or impersonal . The process or principle is important, not the person.	Sentences are designation-centric . The subject is often omitted or made secondary, as the order or information is given by a post, not a person.
Nature of Sentence	Sentences are factual and definition-centric . They can be complex as they include all steps of a process.	Sentences are procedural and instructional . They adhere to a specific format and formality. e.g., “Kripya is maamle mein tatkal karyavahi karein.” (Please take immediate action in this matter.)
Use of Vocabulary	International scientific terminology is used more frequently in sentences.	Administrative and legal terminology (e.g., ‘adhisochna’, ‘paripatra’, ‘yathochit’) is used in sentences.

Thus, the focus of Scientific Hindi’s sentence structure is ‘fact’ and ‘principle’, whereas the focus of Official Hindi’s sentence structure is ‘procedure’, ‘rule’, and ‘hierarchy’.

Q4. Shed light on the development of Hindi as an official language.

Ans. The development of Hindi as an official language (Rajbhasha) is a gradual and historical process that began during the freedom struggle and progressed through constitutional provisions after independence. Its development can be seen in the following stages: 1. Pre-Independence Background: During the freedom movement, leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Sardar Patel emphasized adopting Hindi as the national and link language. They considered it a symbol of national unity. This sentiment laid the foundation for giving Hindi the status of an official language during the framing of the Constitution. 2. Constitutional Provisions: After lengthy debates in the Constituent Assembly of India, on 14 September 1949 , Hindi was accepted as the official language of the Union of India. According to Article 343(1) of the Constitution, “The official language of the Union shall be Hindi in Devanagari script.” The form of numerals to be used will be the international form of Indian numerals. It was also provided that for 15 years from the commencement of the Constitution (i.e., until 1965), English would also continue to be used as an associate official language. 3. Official Language Commission and Committees: Under Article 344 of the Constitution, the first Official Language Commission was formed in 1955 under the chairmanship of B. G. Kher . The commission made several recommendations for the progressive use of Hindi. To consider these recommendations, the Parliamentary Committee on Official Language was formed in 1957 under the chairmanship of Govind Ballabh Pant . 4. Official Languages Act, 1963: To allay the fears of non-Hindi speaking regions, the Official Languages Act, 1963 , was passed to continue the use of English even after 1965. It was amended in 1967 to provide that the use of English as an associate official language would continue indefinitely until the legislatures of all non-Hindi speaking states passed a resolution to discontinue it. This established the ‘bilingual’ policy. 5. Resolution and Rules:

• Official Language Resolution, 1968: This further clarified the government’s policy for the promotion and development of Hindi and stressed the implementation of the three-language formula.
• Official Language Rules, 1976: These rules divided the states of India into regions ‘A’, ‘B’, and ‘C’ to ensure the use of Hindi and set different targets for correspondence for each region.


6. Current Status and Efforts:


Today, institutions like the Department of Official Language (Ministry of Home Affairs), Central Hindi Directorate, and the Commission for Scientific and Technical Terminology are engaged in the development and promotion of Hindi. In the age of computers and information technology, Unicode, Hindi software, e-Mahashabdakosh, etc., have made the use of official language Hindi even more accessible.

Thus, with constitutional protection and government efforts, official language Hindi has established its roots in the administrative field, and its path of development is continuously progressive.

Q5. Introducing official Hindi, discuss its areas of application.

Ans. Official Hindi , also known as ‘Administrative Hindi’ or ‘Working Hindi’ , is that form of functional Hindi which is used for day-to-day administrative work in government, semi-government, and autonomous institutions. This language is distinct from literary Hindi and is extremely formal, objective, clear, and standardized . Nature of Official Hindi: It has its own specific vocabulary, phrases, and sentence structure. It possesses the quality of impersonality, meaning there is no place for personal feelings or opinions. The language is in accordance with hierarchy, where different linguistic behaviors are prescribed for senior and junior officers. Its main objective is to convey facts and information accurately without any confusion. Words and phrases like ‘adhisochna’ (notification), ‘paripatra’ (circular), ‘gyapan’ (memorandum), ‘karyavahi’ (proceedings), ‘anumodan hetu prastut’ (submitted for approval) are its hallmarks. Areas of Application of Official Hindi: The scope of application of Official Hindi is very wide. It can be broadly divided into the following areas:

• Central Government Offices: The use of Hindi is mandatory as per the Official Language Policy in all ministries, departments, and attached offices of the Government of India. It is used here in correspondence, noting, drafting, reports, etc.
• State Government Offices: In the states of region ‘A’ (like Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan), government work is almost entirely done in Hindi. It is also used in the states of regions ‘B’ and ‘C’ according to set targets.
• Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs): Public undertakings like the Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC), State Bank of India (SBI), and Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) make extensive use of Official Hindi.
• Autonomous Bodies and Institutions: Universities, research institutes, and other autonomous bodies funded by the central or state governments also use Official Hindi in their administrative work.
• Judiciary: Some state high courts and subordinate courts permit arguments and writing judgments in Hindi, which has increased its use in this field as well.
• Parliament and Legislatures: Hindi is used in parliamentary debates, questions, bills, and acts.

In short, Official Hindi is not just a language of correspondence but an integral part of India’s administrative system, whose domain extends from the central government to local bodies.

Q6. Write an essay on the topic “Administrative Terminology of Hindi”.

Ans. Essay: Administrative Terminology of Hindi Introduction: The strength and capability of any language depend on its vocabulary. When Hindi was chosen as the official language of independent India, the biggest challenge was to create a standardized and clear terminology for a complex and technical field like administration. The administrative terminology of Hindi was developed to meet this need and today it is a crucial pillar of Indian administration. Process of Development and Sources: The development of administrative terminology was a well-planned process. Institutions like the ‘Commission for Scientific and Technical Terminology’ (CSTT) played a vital role in its creation. The main sources for terminology creation were:

• Sanskrit: New words were coined using the vast repository of Sanskrit with the help of prefixes, suffixes, and root words. For example, ‘nideshak’ (director), ‘adhisochna’ (notification), ‘mantralaya’ (ministry).
• Popular Words: Arabic, Persian, and English words that were already prevalent in administration and popular among the masses were adopted as they were. For example, ‘zila’ (district), ‘tehsil’, ‘file’, ‘budget’.
• Translation: English administrative terms were translated accurately and in a way that conveyed the right sense. For example, ‘Administration’ was translated as ‘prashasan’, and ‘Notification’ as ‘adhisochna’.
• Coining New Words: Where necessary, new words were also created based on the concept.


Characteristics of Administrative Terminology:


Hindi’s administrative terminology has some specific trends and features:

• Precision and Uniformity: Each word has a definite and well-defined meaning to avoid any scope for confusion in administration. The meanings of ‘aadesh’ (Order) and ‘nirdesh’ (Instruction) are different and specific.
• Impersonality: This terminology is devoid of emotion and is objective. Its purpose is to convey facts and information, not to express feelings.
• Formality and Standardization: This language is formal and standardized, used to bring uniformity across the country’s administrative machinery.
• Conciseness: Sometimes, a single word is used for a long phrase, like ‘anumodanarth prastut’ (Submitted for approval).


Challenges and Solutions:


Despite the development of administrative terminology, there are some challenges in its usage. Often, Sanskrit-based words seem difficult for the common employee. The excessive use of English words is also a problem. The solution to these challenges can be found by prioritizing simple, easy, and common parlance words. It is also necessary to make employees proficient in using this terminology through regular training and workshops.


Conclusion:


The administrative terminology of Hindi has made a significant contribution in elevating Hindi from merely a contact language to a language of governance and knowledge. It is a continuously evolving process. In the age of information technology, its constant standardization and simplification will make it even more effective and accessible in the future, which will help in achieving the goal of ‘Good Governance’.

Q7. Discuss the types of noting.

Ans. In office work, the remarks written to express an opinion, instruction, or decision on a letter or case under consideration are called Noting or Tippan . The main purpose of noting is to simplify and rationalize the process of understanding a matter and making a decision on it. It is an essential part of the official procedure. Based on structure and purpose, the main types of noting are as follows: 1. Routine Noting: This is the most common type of noting. When regular and routine action is to be taken on a letter or case, this type of noting is written. It includes a brief summary of the case, reference to relevant rules, and suggestions for further action. For example, writing a note on an employee’s leave application. It is also called ‘Main Noting’. 2. Incidental Noting: When opinions of more than one officer or section are required on a case under consideration, other people also write their small notes along with the main note. These notes are part of the main note and shed light on a specific aspect of the matter. These are called ‘Incidental’ or ‘Sectional Noting’. 3. Inter-departmental Noting: When a matter is sent from one ministry or department to another for their opinion or concurrence, the noting written on it is called ‘Inter-departmental Noting’. For this, a separate file or an ‘Inter-departmental Note’ (U.O. Note) is often used so that the original file does not need to be sent. 4. Comprehensive Noting: On a complex or policy-related matter, where a detailed analysis of all aspects of the case (background, rules, financial implications, various options, etc.) is done, it is called ‘Comprehensive Noting’. Such a note is usually prepared to assist senior officers in decision-making. 5. Minute: When a senior officer, such as a Secretary or Minister, gives a final decision or order on a case, that brief and concise note is called a ‘Minute’. This decision is final, and further action (such as drafting a letter) is taken based on it. In addition to these types, noting can also be categorized as ‘Directive’, ‘Analytical’, or ‘Informative’, depending on its nature. Effective noting is the hallmark of a skilled employee.

Q8. Clarifying the nature of ‘Pallavan’ (elaboration/amplification), shed light on the types of ‘Sankshepan’ (précis writing).

Ans. (Note: Due to a typographical error in the question paper, ‘PAM’ is printed instead of ‘Pallavan’ and ‘GAT’ instead of ‘Sankshepan’. The answer is based on the correct terms.) Nature of Pallavan (Elaboration): The literal meaning of Pallavan is ‘to expand’. It is the opposite of ‘Sankshepan’ (précis). The process of presenting a maxim, aphorism, proverb, or any deep thought in simple language with an expanded explanation is called Pallavan. Its purpose is to clarify the inherent meaning of a profound idea and make it comprehensible through examples, arguments, and illustrations. A good elaboration has the following qualities:

• Clarity and Simplicity: The language of the elaboration should be simple and clear so that the meaning of the original idea becomes evident.
• Originality: It is not just an expansion of the sentence; the writer presents the idea in an original way based on their understanding and knowledge.
• Systematic Order: The ideas should be presented in a logical sequence.
• Focus on the Subject: The elaboration should remain centered on the core idea. Irrelevant points should be avoided.
• Expository Style (Vyas Shaili): Elaboration is always written in an expository or expansive style, whereas the original maxim is in a compressed (Samas) style.

For example, while elaborating on “Sach barabar tap nahi” (There is no penance equal to truth), the glory of truth, the difficulties in practicing it, and its ultimate victory would be explained with various arguments and examples.


Types of Sankshepan (Précis Writing):

Sankshepan

means to present the essential ideas of a detailed passage, article, or statement in a condensed form while preserving its core meaning. An ideal précis is about one-third the length of the original passage and is written in the writer’s own words. It is also given a suitable title.

Based on process and format, some major types of précis writing are as follows:

• Self-contained Précis or Abstract Writing: This is the most common form of précis. In this, the given passage is read carefully, and its main ideas are written systematically in one’s own words, in about one-third the original length. It is also given a suitable title. It is complete and independent in itself.
• Continuous Précis: When the summary of a very large text, report, or notes from several files needs to be prepared in a continuous form, it is called a continuous précis. It involves integrating and condensing facts from various sources into a single, flowing narrative. It is used in offices to summarize long files.
• Tabular Précis: When a table is used to present detailed information or data in a condensed form, it is called a tabular précis. This makes comparative study and understanding facts at a glance easier.
• Running Summary: This is a brief record of the main points of a meeting, debate, or discussion, prepared either during or immediately after the event. Its purpose is to record important decisions and ideas.

The objective of every type of précis is to present maximum information with accuracy and clarity in the minimum number of words.

Q9. Explaining the meaning of advertisement, shed light on the language of advertising.

Ans. Meaning of Advertisement: The Hindi word Vigyapan (Advertisement) is formed from the prefix ‘vi’ and the word ‘gyapan’, which means ‘to give special information’. In English, it is called ‘Advertisement’. In a broader sense, advertising is a controlled, paid, and non-personal communication process aimed at informing a target consumer group about a product, service, or idea, attracting them, and persuading them to buy or adopt it. It is a vital part of marketing. The media for advertising can be print (newspapers, magazines), electronic (TV, radio), and digital (internet, social media). The Language of Advertising: The success of an advertisement largely depends on its language. The main purpose of the language of advertising is to capture the consumer’s attention and be memorable. The key features of its language are as follows:

• Attractive and Persuasive: The language of advertising is extremely attractive, appealing, and persuasive. It uses words that arouse curiosity and desire in the consumer’s mind. For example, “Do you also want shiny hair?”
• Simple and Easy: The language of advertising is close to common parlance so that the common person can understand it easily. It avoids complex and literary words.
• Conciseness and Precision: Advertisements try to convey their message in the fewest possible words. Slogans and punchlines are excellent examples. For example, “Thanda matlab Coca-Cola” (Cool means Coca-Cola), “Amul – The Taste of India”.
• Creativity and Imagery: Creativity is used extensively in the language. Words are chosen that create a pleasant image or picture in the consumer’s mind. For example, ‘tazgi ka ehsaas’ (the feeling of freshness), ‘khushiyon ki home delivery’ (home delivery of happiness).
• Use of Mixed Language (Hinglish): In today’s advertisements, a mixture of Hindi and English words (Hinglish) is seen in abundance to connect with the youth. For example, “Life ho to aisi” (Life should be like this), “Yeh dil maange more” (This heart wants more).
• Tailored to the Target Group: The language of an advertisement is always according to the target audience. The language for children’s products will be different, for women’s products different, and for youth different.
• Figurative Use: To grab attention, rhyming words, alliteration, hyperbole, and idioms are used creatively.

In short, the language of advertising is not merely informational; it acts like a ‘psychological weapon’ that influences the consumer’s decision-making process.

Q10. Write short notes on any two of the following: (a) Report writing (b) Hindi of the fashion world (c) Nature of drafting (d) Nature of functional Hindi

Ans. (a) Report Writing A Report (Prativedan) is a systematic and detailed written account of an event, project, investigation, or any other subject. It is submitted by an individual or a committee to an authorized body or officer. The purpose of a report is to present the facts of the concerned subject in a sequential manner, analyze them, and finally provide conclusions or recommendations. A good report should have the following characteristics:

• Factual: The report must be based entirely on facts, not on imagination or personal opinions.
• Objectivity: The writer should present the facts impartially, avoiding personal biases.
• Clarity and Completeness: The language of the report should be simple and clear, and it should include all necessary information related to the subject.
• Definite Format: Generally, a report has a specific format that includes a title, sender’s name, subject, reference, main body, conclusion, and finally, signature and date.

There are many types of reports, such as an inquiry committee report, an organization’s annual report, a report on an event, etc. It serves as an important basis for future plans and decisions.


(b) Hindi of the fashion world


The

Hindi of the fashion world

is a specific and modern form of functional Hindi used in fashion magazines, TV channels, blogs, and advertisements. It is a glamorous and stylized form of Hindi, very different from traditional literary Hindi.

Its main features are:

• Mixed Vocabulary: It freely uses English words along with Hindi. Words like ‘trendy’, ‘stylish’, ‘ethnic wear’, ‘designer collection’, ‘fusion’ are common.
• Attractive and Evocative Language: The language is very appealing and creates a beautiful image in the reader’s mind. Phrases like ‘khoobsurat ada’ (beautiful grace), ‘naya look’ (new look), ‘shahi andaaz’ (royal style) are used.
• Youth-oriented: This language primarily targets the youth, so it has a sense of modernity and freshness.
• Technical Terminology: Fashion has its own special vocabulary, such as ‘A-line’, ‘chiffon’, ‘georgette’, ‘pastel shades’, etc., which have been adopted into Hindi in the same form.

The purpose of the Hindi of fashion is not just to inform but to sell a lifestyle and an aspiration. It is a vibrant and rapidly evolving linguistic register.


(c) Nature of Drafting

Drafting (Masoda Lekhan)

, also known as ‘Prarupan’, is an important stage of office work. The rough version of a letter, notification, order, or circular prepared before it is finally issued is called a draft. Its main purpose is to ensure that the letter to be issued finally is correct and appropriate in all respects (facts, language, format).

The nature of drafting is as follows:

• Formality: The language of the draft is completely formal and official.
• Approval Process: After preparing the draft, it is sent to the competent authority with the words ‘Anumodanarth prastut’ (Submitted for approval). The officer may make necessary amendments or approve it.
• Clarity and Conciseness: The subject matter should be presented clearly and concisely in the draft. Unnecessary details are avoided.
• Prescribed Format: Every type of letter (e.g., government letter, memorandum, notification) has a prescribed format, and the draft must be prepared according to that format.

A good draft is one that the officer approves without any major revisions. It is indicative of the employee’s grasp of the subject and language skills.


(d) Nature of Functional Hindi

Functional Hindi

refers to that form of Hindi which is used to fulfill specific purposes or objectives in various spheres of life. It is different from literary Hindi, whose main purpose is aesthetic pleasure and appreciation of beauty. The primary goal of Functional Hindi is

clear and effective communication

.

Its nature is multi-faceted, and it has various forms, which are called ‘registers’ (prayukti). The major registers are:

• Official/Administrative Hindi: The language of government work.
• Scientific and Technical Hindi: The language for expressing science and technology.
• Commercial Hindi: The language used in business, banking, and the market.
• Legal Hindi: The language of law and the courts.
• Media Hindi: The language of journalism, radio, TV, and advertising.

The general characteristics of Functional Hindi are

objectivity, clarity, rationality, and the use of a specific technical vocabulary

. It was developed not to limit Hindi to the language of literature alone but to make it a capable and vibrant language in all practical areas of life.