IGNOU BHDLA-136 Solved Question Paper PDF Download

IGNOU BHDLA-136 Previous Year Solved Question Paper in Hindi

IGNOU BHDLA-136 Previous Year Solved Question Paper in English

Q1. Describe the various forms of personal correspondence.

Ans. Personal correspondence , also known as informal correspondence, is written based on personal relationships. Its purpose is to exchange personal information, feelings, ideas, and experiences. Its language is intimate, simple, and emotional, and it is not bound by formalities. The various forms of personal correspondence are as follows:

• Letters to Family Members: These letters are written to parents, siblings, or other relatives. The main topics include inquiring about well-being, describing one’s daily routine, narrating a special event, or seeking/giving advice. Their language is extremely intimate and affectionate.
• Letters to Friends: Letters written to friends are the most open and informal. They share personal joys and sorrows, studies, future plans, and humor. The language reflects ease and friendly intimacy.
• Congratulatory Letters: These letters are written on occasions of success, marriage, birthday, or any other happy event. Their purpose is to express happiness and extend good wishes. The tone is enthusiastic and joyful.
• Condolence Letters: These letters are written to express grief and sympathy on someone’s demise or a tragic event. Their purpose is to offer comfort in times of sorrow and show empathy. Their language is serious, restrained, and sympathetic.
• Invitation Letters: These letters are written to request attendance at a wedding, birthday, house-warming, or any other social or family event. They clearly state the details of the event, date, time, and venue.
• Thank-You Letters: These letters are written to express gratitude for a gift, help, or hospitality received from someone. This type of letter helps maintain sweetness and a sense of gratitude in relationships.

In short, personal correspondence is a powerful medium for maintaining and strengthening human relationships. Its style depends on the relationship between the writer and the recipient.

Q2. Write an essay on “The Concept of Effective Writing”.

Ans. Introduction Writing is not merely the process of putting words on paper; it is the art of presenting ideas, information, and emotions in such a way that the reader can easily understand them and grasp the writer’s purpose. When writing succeeds in this objective, it is called ‘Effective Writing’. The concept of effective writing is related to clarity, correctness, conciseness, and the ability to create the desired impact on the reader. Core Elements of Effective Writing Effective writing is not an accident but the result of conscious effort. It has some fundamental elements:

• Clarity: The most important quality of effective writing is clarity. What the writer wants to say should reach the reader in the same sense. For this, simple language, short sentences, and well-structured paragraphs are essential. Confusing words and complex sentences should be avoided.
• Correctness: The information provided in the writing must be factually correct. Additionally, the correct use of grammar, spelling, and punctuation also falls under correctness. Errors reduce the writer’s credibility in the reader’s mind.
• Conciseness: Saying what you have to say in the fewest possible words is another important quality of effective writing. Unnecessary words, sentences, and repetition of ideas should be avoided. Conciseness saves the reader’s time and keeps the focus on the main message.
• Clarity of Purpose: Before writing, the writer must be clear about why they are writing. Is their purpose to inform, analyze, entertain, or persuade to action? Clarity of purpose gives direction to the writing.
• Audience Awareness: An effective writer always keeps their audience in mind. Selecting the language, style, and content according to the reader’s age, knowledge, background, and expectations makes the writing more impactful.
• Coherence: It is necessary to present ideas and arguments in a logical order. The flow from one idea to another should be smooth and natural, so that the reader has no difficulty in understanding the subject.

Conclusion

Effective writing is a skill that can be developed with constant practice and awareness. Whether it is academic writing, business correspondence, or creative writing, the principles of effective writing are essential for success in every field. It not only ensures the successful communication of ideas but also enhances the writer’s image. Ultimately, writing is effective only when it achieves its purpose and leaves a positive impression on the reader’s mind.

Q3. Discuss the nature and various types of ‘Official Writing’.

Ans. Nature of Official Writing ‘Official Writing’ refers to the writing used in the day-to-day functioning of governmental or non-governmental offices. It is entirely different from personal writing. Its nature is completely formal, objective, and rule-bound . Its main characteristics are as follows:

• Formality: There is no place for personal feelings, intimacy, or informal language in official writing. It uses prescribed etiquette and formal language.
• Objectivity: It presents information based on facts and rules, not the writer’s personal opinions or views. The language is neutral and unbiased.
• Fixed Format: Each type of official writing has a specific and standardized format, which must be followed.
• Clarity and Accuracy: The message must be absolutely clear and unambiguous to avoid any possibility of confusion. The accuracy of facts and figures is extremely important.
• Conciseness: It avoids unnecessary details and sticks to the point.

Various Types of Official Writing

According to official needs, many types of writing are prevalent, the main ones being:

1. Official Letter: This is the main medium of formal communication between government offices. It has a fixed format that includes the sender’s designation and address, letter number, date, recipient’s designation, subject, salutation, body of the letter, subscription, and signature.
2. Demi-Official Letter (D.O. Letter): When an officer writes to another officer, addressing them personally to expedite a government task or draw attention to a specific matter, it is called a D.O. letter. Its style is somewhat personal.
3. Office Memorandum: It is used to convey information, issue orders, or request information from employees within a ministry or department. It is written in the third person.
4. Circular: When the same information or order needs to be sent to multiple offices, departments, or employees simultaneously, a circular is used.
5. Notification: Official information related to government rules, appointments, promotions, leave, etc., which is published in the Gazette of India, is called a notification.
6. Press Release: When a government decision or policy needs to be widely publicized through newspapers, a press release is issued.
7. Resolution: A resolution is used for the public announcement of the government’s policy decisions or decisions taken on the report of an inquiry commission. It is also published in the Gazette.

Besides these, Office Orders, Endorsements, and Reminders are also important types of official writing.

Q4. What is meant by ‘Logical Writing’? Clarify.

Ans. ‘Logical Writing’ is a style of writing in which a subject or problem is presented and analyzed based on logic, evidence, facts, and coherent arguments. Its main purpose is to lead the reader to a conclusion, persuade them of a point, or prove or refute an idea. It is not based merely on emotions or personal beliefs; its foundation is reason and logic . The meaning of logical writing can be clarified through the following points:

1. Cause and Effect Relationship: Logical writing establishes a cause-and-effect relationship between events and ideas. It clarifies why an event occurred (cause) and what its consequences were (effect).
2. Evidence and Proof: To prove a point, the writer uses facts, statistics, examples, research findings, and expert opinions. A statement made without evidence is considered insignificant in logical writing.
3. Sequence and Coherence: Ideas are presented in a systematic and logical order. The flow from one paragraph to another and from one idea to the next is smooth and coherent, making it easy for the reader to follow the chain of reasoning.
4. Objectivity and Impartiality: A good logical writer is expected to stay away from personal biases, emotions, and prejudice while analyzing a subject. They consider both sides of an issue (pros and cons) and then draw a conclusion based on the evidence.
5. Clear and Precise Language: In logical writing, the emphasis is on making the language clear and precise rather than ornate. Vocabulary with a definite and unambiguous meaning is used.

Examples of logical writing

include academic research papers, legal arguments, editorial articles, analytical essays, and critical reviews. In all these genres, the writer must support their assertions with arguments and evidence.

In short, logical writing is writing that addresses the mind. Its goal is not to affect the reader emotionally but to persuade them intellectually and lead them to a well-reasoned conclusion.

Q5. Discuss ‘Word Formation’.

Ans. Language is a dynamic and evolving system. Over time and with new needs, new words are added to a language. ‘Word formation’ is the process by which new words are created with the help of existing linguistic units (like root words, prefixes, suffixes). It is an essential process for enriching a language and enhancing its expressive capacity. The main processes of word formation in Hindi are as follows:

1. By Prefix: Prefixes are morphemes that are added to the beginning of a root word to change or add to its meaning. For example:
   • ‘Pra’ + haar = Prahaar (attack)
   • ‘Vi’ + haar = Vihaar (to roam)
   • ‘Up’ + haar = Uphaar (gift)
   • ‘A’ + gyan = Agyan (ignorance)
   • ‘Su’ + putra = Suputra (good son)
2. By Suffix: Suffixes are morphemes that are added to the end of a word to create a new word. There are two types of suffixes: ‘Krit’ suffixes (added to verbs) and ‘Taddhit’ suffixes (added to nouns, pronouns, adjectives). For example:
   • Likh + ‘aavat’ = Likhawat (handwriting) (Krit suffix)
   • Samaj + ‘ik’ = Samajik (social) (Taddhit suffix)
   • Sundar + ‘ta’ = Sundarta (beauty) (Taddhit suffix)
   • Bharat + ‘iya’ = Bharatiya (Indian) (Taddhit suffix)
3. By Compounding (Samas): When two or more words combine to form a new meaningful word, the process is called compounding. The case endings between the words are dropped. For example:
   • Raja ka putra = Rajputra (son of a king)
   • Yatha shakti = Yathashakti (according to ability)
   • Mata aur pita = Mata-pita (mother and father)
   • Neela hai jo kanth = Neelkanth (one with a blue throat, i.e., Lord Shiva)
4. By Joining Sounds (Sandhi): The change (or modification) that occurs due to the joining of two adjacent sounds is called Sandhi. Although it is primarily a phonological process, it also results in the formation of new word forms. For example:
   • Vidya + alaya = Vidyalaya (school)
   • Jagat + nath = Jagannath (Lord of the world)
   • Nih + chal = Nishchal (immobile)

Through these processes, a language gains the ability to express a maximum number of ideas using a minimum number of root words. Word formation is a testament to the vitality and creativity of a language.

Q6. Clarify the purpose of communication.

Ans. Communication is a process through which information, ideas, feelings, opinions, or viewpoints are exchanged between two or more people. It is not just speaking or writing; it is ensuring that the message sent is understood by the recipient in the same sense. Communication does not have a single purpose; it serves various objectives depending on the situation and need. The main purposes of communication are as follows:

• To Inform: The most primary purpose of communication is to provide information. For example, newspapers inform us about events in the country and the world, a teacher informs students about a subject, and a manager informs employees about company policies.
• To Explain or Educate: Simply providing information is not always enough; sometimes it is necessary to explain complex topics in a simplified manner. The entire process of teaching and training is based on this purpose. It answers the ‘why’ and ‘how’ of a subject.
• To Persuade or Motivate: An important purpose of communication is to persuade others to change their attitude, behavior, or actions. A leader motivates the public with their speech, and an advertiser persuades consumers to buy their product.
• To Entertain: Communication through stories, poems, plays, films, music, etc., is for the purpose of entertainment. Its goal is to provide pleasure and a pleasant experience to the reader, listener, or viewer.
• To Build and Maintain Relationships: At a personal and social level, communication is the foundation of relationships. Through conversation, we form new relationships, like friendships, and maintain and strengthen existing ones (family, business).
• To Solve Problems: Discussing a problem, considering various options, and reaching a consensus-based solution is also a significant purpose of communication, especially in organizational and group contexts.

Thus, it is clear that communication is the fundamental basis for the functioning of human life and society, without which no social, cultural, or economic activity is possible.

Q7. Clarify the meaning of Notification and Resolution.

Ans. Notification and Resolution are both important types of official writing used in government work. Although both are published in the Gazette of India, there are clear differences in their purpose and structure. Notification (Adisuchna) Meaning: A notification is used to officially communicate specific government decisions, rules, orders, etc., to the general public or concerned individuals. It is a legal and statutory document. Key Uses:

• Announcing the appointment, promotion, transfer, and retirement of government officials.
• Giving notice of the implementation of new laws, rules, or acts.
• Publishing orders issued by the government using its statutory powers.
• Announcing appointments to constitutional and statutory positions.

Structure:

A notification is issued in the name of the President or the Governor. It begins with the name of the Ministry/Department, followed by the word ‘Notification’, place, date, and file number. Its language is highly formal and legalistic. It is written in the third person.

Resolution (Sankalp)

Meaning:

A resolution is used by the government for the public announcement of its policies, significant decisions, or the government’s stance on the recommendations of an inquiry commission/committee. It is an important means of declaring government policy.

Key Uses:

• To clarify the government’s policy on a particular issue.
• To announce the appointment of inquiry commissions or committees.
• To publish the reports of such commissions or committees and the government’s decisions on them.

Structure:

The format of a resolution is different from that of a notification. It contains a ‘Preamble’ which gives the background of the subject on which the resolution is being issued. After the preamble, the government’s decision is given point-wise under the heading ‘Resolution’. Finally, an order is given for its publication in the Gazette of India and for its copies to be sent to the concerned departments.

Conclusion:

In short, a

notification

is mainly related to administrative and legal proceedings, whereas a

resolution

is related to the government’s policy decisions and announcements.

Q8. What is the principle of synonymity in composition? Clarify.

Ans. The principle of synonymity in composition is an important writing principle based on the idea that language offers multiple ways and word-groups to express the same feeling, idea, or piece of information. It means that there is no single ‘final’ or ‘best’ form for a sentence or expression; it can be presented with the same meaning using different words and sentence structures. This principle can be clarified through the following points:

1. Variety of Expression: This principle gives the writer freedom of expression. For example, the information “Ram killed Ravan” can be expressed in several ways:
   • Ravan was killed by Ram. (Passive voice)
   • Ram was the cause of Ravan’s death.
   • The slaying of Ravan was done by Ram.

   The core meaning of all these sentences is the same, but their structure and style are different.

2. Avoiding Repetition: Using the same word or sentence structure repeatedly in writing makes it monotonous and boring. The principle of synonymity helps the writer to avoid this flaw by using synonyms, different phrases, and varied sentence patterns. This maintains flow and readability.
3. Basis for Paraphrasing and Summarizing: Processes like paraphrasing and summarizing are based on this principle. In paraphrasing, we present someone else’s ideas in our own words and sentences while retaining the original meaning. This is impossible without the knowledge of synonymity.
4. Stylistic Effect: The writer uses this principle to choose a style appropriate to their purpose and audience. The same point can be made formally, informally, poetically, or sarcastically. The choice of the right words and structure enhances the impact of the writing.
5. Subtlety of Meaning: Although many words may seem synonymous, they often have subtle differences in meaning (nuances). A skilled writer understands these nuances and chooses the most appropriate word for the context. This principle encourages the writer to delve into the depth of word meanings.

In short, the principle of synonymity in composition states that language possesses diverse means to express meaning. A successful writer is one who can skillfully use these means to make their writing clear, effective, and interesting.

Q9. Discuss the process of ‘Précis Writing’.

Ans. ‘Précis writing’ is the art of presenting the main ideas and essential facts of a detailed passage, article, or text in a concise and logical manner. It is not just about shortening a text, but about presenting its essence in a well-structured and clear form. A good précis is approximately one-third (1/3) the length of the original passage. The process of précis writing can be divided into the following steps:

1. Careful Reading of the Passage: The first and most important step is to read the original passage at least two or three times carefully. The first reading is to get a general idea of the subject matter. The second and third readings are to understand the central theme and main ideas of the passage.
2. Underlining the Main Ideas: While reading the passage, one should underline the words, phrases, and sentences that express the core ideas. Unnecessary details, examples, illustrations, and quotations should be omitted.
3. Preparing an Outline: An outline should be prepared by arranging the underlined main points in a logical order. This ensures that no important idea is missed and that the sequence of thoughts is correct.
4. Writing the First Draft: The first draft of the précis is written based on the prepared outline. This draft should be written in the writer’s own words and language. The entire précis must be in the third person and indirect speech . Sentences from the original passage should not be copied verbatim.
5. Revision and Editing of the Draft: The first draft should be compared with the original passage to check if all the main points have been included and if any unnecessary information has been added. It is then revised for clarity, correctness, and conciseness of language. It is also ensured that the word count of the précis is approximately one-third of the original.
6. Giving a Suitable Title: It is mandatory to provide a suitable and brief title for every précis. The title should be such that it expresses the central theme of the passage. The title is usually written at the beginning or top of the précis.

By systematically following these steps, an effective and accurate précis can be prepared.

Q10. Discuss the importance of report writing.

Ans. Report writing is a crucial skill used in almost every field of life—business, administration, education, science, journalism, etc. A report is a factual and systematic account prepared after an investigation of an event, task, plan, or problem. Its importance is evident from the following points:

1. Permanent Record of Information: A report serves as a written and permanent document of an event or investigation. Verbal communication can be forgotten or altered over time, but a written report acts as a reliable source for future reference.
2. Basis for Decision-Making: Senior officials and managers often make important decisions based on reports. The future course of action is determined by analyzing a project’s progress report, a market survey report, or an inquiry report of an incident.
3. Evaluation of Progress and Performance: Reports prepared regularly in organizations (such as annual reports, monthly sales reports) are helpful in evaluating the progress and performance of a plan or organization. They show whether the set goals have been achieved or not.
4. Effective Medium of Communication: In large organizations where information needs to be conveyed across multiple levels and departments, reports are a formal and effective medium of communication. They ensure that the right information reaches the right person in an organized manner.
5. Problem Analysis and Solution: When a problem arises (like an accident in a factory), a committee is formed to investigate it, which then submits its report. The report analyzes the causes of the problem and provides recommendations to prevent such incidents in the future.
6. Ensuring Accountability and Transparency: In both government and non-government sectors, reports are a vital tool for ensuring accountability and transparency. Inquiry reports help in identifying the individuals responsible for any negligence or malpractice.

In summary, report writing is not just a compilation of facts; it is an essential part of the process of organizing information, analyzing it, and making decisions. A good and effective report plays a significant role in the success of any organization.

Q11. Write short notes on any four of the following: (a) Paraphrasing (b) Summary Writing (c) Editorial Writing (d) Government Correspondence (e) Word Formation (f) Formal Letter (g) Circular

Ans. (a) Paraphrasing (Punarkathan) Paraphrasing means restating the ideas, arguments, or information written or said by another person in your own words and sentence structure. Its purpose is to express the original meaning in a simpler or different form while preserving it. In paraphrasing, the length of the text remains roughly the same as the original. It is particularly useful in academic writing to avoid plagiarism when referring to the work of others. A successful paraphrase requires a deep understanding of the original text and good language skills.

(b) Summary Writing (Saar Lekhan) Summary writing is the process of presenting the main and most important ideas of a long article, chapter, or book in a very concise form. Its purpose is to acquaint the reader with the subject matter of the original text in the shortest possible time. When writing a summary, unnecessary details, examples, quotations, and explanations are omitted, and the focus is solely on the central theme. It differs from paraphrasing as the length is significantly reduced.

(c) Editorial Writing (Sampadkiya Lekhan) An editorial is an article in a newspaper, magazine, or journal that presents the official opinion or viewpoint of that publication on a current or significant issue. It is usually written by the editor or the editorial board and does not carry the author’s name, as it is considered the voice of the entire institution. Its purpose is not just to inform but to analyze an issue, comment on it, and influence or guide public opinion.

(d) Government Correspondence (Sarkari Patrachar) The exchange of letters between government offices and departments for administrative purposes is called government correspondence. It is entirely formal, objective, and rule-bound. Its language is precise, clear, and neutral. There is no place for personal feelings or opinions. Official letters, demi-official letters, office memorandums, circulars, notifications, etc., are various forms of government correspondence, whose formats and usage are bound by specific rules.

(e) Word Formation (Shabd Nirman) Word formation is the process of creating new words in a language. It is essential for keeping a language alive and rich. The main methods of word formation in Hindi are – using prefixes (adding a morpheme to the beginning of a word, e.g., ‘a’ + satya = asatya), suffixes (adding a morpheme to the end of a word, e.g., ‘manav’ + ta = manavta), compounding (combining two or more words to form a new one, e.g., ‘rasoi ke liye ghar’ = rasoighar), and sandhi (joining of sounds). These processes expand the expressive capacity of a language.

(f) Formal Letter (Aupcharik Patra) Formal letters are written to individuals or organizations with whom we have no personal or family relationship. These letters are written for professional, official, or business purposes. For example, an application letter for a job, a complaint letter to an official, or an inquiry letter to a company. Formal letters have a fixed format, and their language must be polite, courteous, clear, and precise. Mentioning the subject is mandatory.

(g) Circular (Paripatra) A circular is a form of official writing. When any information, instruction, or order needs to be sent to numerous subordinate offices or employees of a ministry, department, or organization at the same time, a circular is issued. This saves time and effort as copies of the same letter are made and sent to everyone. The format of a circular is similar to that of a government letter, but its recipient is not a single person but a group, for instance, ‘All Heads of Departments’.