IGNOU BHDLA-137 Solved Question Paper PDF Download

IGNOU BHDLA-137 Previous Year Solved Question Paper in Hindi

IGNOU BHDLA-137 Previous Year Solved Question Paper in English

Q1. Elucidate the various forms of communication.

Ans. Communication is a continuous and dynamic process through which humans exchange their thoughts, feelings, information, and perspectives. Communication is not just speaking or writing; it involves numerous forms and mediums. The various forms of communication can be classified on the following bases: 1. Based on the Medium:

• Oral Communication: When a message or information is conveyed by speaking, it is called oral communication. This is the most natural and widely used form. It includes speeches, conversations, interviews, group discussions, etc. Its success depends on the speaker’s pronunciation, gestures, and the listener’s hearing ability.
• Written Communication: In this, the message is sent in a scripted form. Letters, emails, reports, books, newspapers, etc., are its examples. This is a permanent and formal form of communication that can be preserved for future reference. The purity and clarity of language are extremely important in it.
• Symbolic/Non-verbal Communication: In this, words are not used; instead, the message is conveyed through signs, gestures, body postures (body language), eye contact, and touch. Traffic signals, an ambulance’s siren, smiling in happiness, or crying in sorrow are examples of non-verbal communication.

2. Based on Relationships:

• Formal Communication: This communication follows pre-defined rules and structures. It often occurs in offices, institutions, and professional environments. Hierarchy is respected in this form.
• Informal Communication: This communication is based on personal and social relationships. It has no fixed rules or format. Conversation between friends and family is its best example. It is also called ‘Grapevine Communication’.

3. Based on Number:

• Intrapersonal Communication: When a person talks to oneself, thinks, or reflects, it is intrapersonal communication.
• Interpersonal Communication: When there is an exchange of ideas between two people.
• Group Communication: When communication takes place within a small group (like a classroom or a meeting).
• Mass Communication: When a message is conveyed to a large audience through a technical medium (like TV, radio, internet).

Thus, communication is a multifaceted process that changes its form according to the situation, purpose, and medium.

Q2. Explain the difference between spoken and written language.

Ans. Language is the most powerful medium of human communication, having two main forms: spoken (oral) language and written language . Both forms have their own importance and characteristics. The major differences between them are as follows:

• Difference in Permanence: Spoken language is transient and temporary. What is spoken ends at that very moment unless it is recorded. In contrast, written language is permanent. It can be preserved for a long time and can be read repeatedly. It is the main basis for transferring knowledge from generation to generation.
• Difference in Medium: The medium of spoken language is sound , which is heard by the ears. On the other hand, the medium of written language is script symbols (letters, characters), which are seen with the eyes.
• Structure and Grammar: In spoken language, grammatical rules are often relaxed. Sentences can be incomplete, the word order can change, and the influence of regional dialects is more prominent. In contrast, written language is expected to have grammatical correctness, standard spelling, and a well-formed sentence structure. It is more formal and sophisticated.
• Role of Non-verbal Cues: In spoken language, the speaker uses body language , intonation , and facial expressions to make their point more effective. These non-verbal cues help in clarifying the meaning. These elements are absent in written language, so the writer has to rely entirely on appropriate words and punctuation marks to make their point clear.
• Immediacy of Feedback: In oral communication, the listener’s feedback is immediate, which allows the speaker to adapt their speech according to the listener. It is a two-way process . In written language, the reader’s feedback is not immediate; it is a one-way process .
• Planning and Thought: Spoken language is often spontaneous and natural, whereas written language is more planned and thoughtfully written. The writer has the opportunity to edit and revise their words.

In conclusion, while spoken language is the natural, spontaneous, and immediate form of communication, written language provides it with permanence, a standard form, and a wider reach.

Q3. Discuss in detail the various forms of language.

Ans. Language is a social entity, and according to the different needs and contexts of society, many of its forms develop. These forms are indicators of the vitality and richness of a language. The various major forms of language are as follows:

1. Dialect: A dialect is a form of language spoken in a limited geographical area at a local level. It is the initial and undeveloped form of a language. It generally lacks literary works and does not have a standard grammar. For example, Hindi has many dialects such as Braj, Awadhi, Bhojpuri, Haryanvi, Marwari, etc. When a dialect develops and becomes a medium for literary creation, it is called a ‘Vibhasha’, like Braj and Awadhi in the medieval period.
2. Standard Language: When a dialect becomes grammatically refined, stabilizes its structure, and is adopted by a large community as a medium for education, governance, and literature, it is called a ‘Standard Language’. It is the universally accepted form of the language. In the context of Hindi, Khari Boli has been given the status of a standard language. Newspapers, books, education, and official work are conducted in this language.
3. Official Language (Rajbhasha): The language used in a country’s government offices, administration, and courts is called the official language. It is not necessary for the official language to also be the national language of that country. According to Article 343 of the Indian Constitution, Hindi written in the Devanagari script is the official language of the Union of India. It is used in the offices of the central government.
4. National Language (Rashtrabhasha): The national language is the language that is spoken and understood by the majority of the inhabitants of a nation and which is a symbol of the nation’s cultural and emotional unity. Its relevance is not tied to any constitutional provision but to public acceptance and emotional connection. In India, Hindi is considered the national language due to its wide public acceptance, although it is not mentioned as such in the Constitution.
5. Lingua Franca (Sampark Bhasha): The language that serves to establish contact between communities speaking different languages is called a lingua franca. In a multilingual country like India, Hindi plays the role of a lingua franca over a large geographical area. It works to connect people with different mother tongues. Globally, English is a major lingua franca.

In addition to these forms, there are other forms of language, such as ‘Code Language’ used by the military or intelligence agencies, and ‘Pidgin’, a makeshift language that develops from contact between speakers of two different languages.

Q4. How can one’s thoughts be influenced through language? Explain with two examples of advertisements.

Ans. Language does not just exchange information; it is a powerful tool for shaping and influencing thoughts, emotions, and attitudes. Through the selective use of language, emotional appeals, and symbolic meanings, the thinking of an individual or a group can be steered in a specific direction. The advertising industry is the biggest example of how language is used to influence the subconscious mind of the consumer and motivate them to buy a product. The main purpose of the language of advertising is to create a positive and attractive image for the product. This can be understood through two examples: Example 1: Thanda Matlab Coca-Cola (Cool means Coca-Cola)

• Linguistic Technique: The success of this advertisement lies in its condensation and equation . ‘Thanda’ (cool/cold) is an experience and a need, especially in summer. This slogan made the word ‘Thanda’ a synonym for ‘Coca-Cola’. It is a simple, memorable, and effective equation.
• Influence on Thoughts: This slogan establishes in the consumer’s mind that whenever they feel the need for coolness or refreshment, the only solution is Coca-Cola. This is not logically correct (as water or other drinks can also be cold), but on an emotional and psychological level, this slogan directly influences the consumer’s choice. It linked the product to an experience.

Example 2: LIC – “Zindagi ke saath bhi, zindagi ke baad bhi” (With you in life, and even after life)

• Linguistic Technique: This slogan focuses on emotional security and anxiety about the future . ‘Zindagi ke saath’ (with you in life) means financial support and savings during one’s lifetime, while ‘zindagi ke baad’ (even after life) refers to the financial security provided to one’s family after one’s death. This slogan addresses the fear of future uncertainty.
• Influence on Thoughts: This slogan awakens a sense of responsibility in the consumer. It compels them to think that they need to plan not only for their present but also for their family’s future. Abstract ideas like ‘trust’ and ‘security’ are directly linked with the LIC product through this slogan. It motivates the consumer not just to buy an insurance policy, but to fulfill their ‘duty’ towards their family, which deeply influences their decision-making process.

These examples make it clear that the use of language in advertising is not just to describe a product’s features, but to influence consumers’ thoughts and behavior by targeting their psychological needs, desires, and fears.

Q5. Suppose you have to give a speech on the dowry system. How will you greet, introduce, address, and give a vote of thanks during the dialogue you establish in the speech, and how will you take leave? Prepare a brief outline for this.

Ans. The outline of the various stages of establishing dialogue during a speech on the dowry system would be as follows: Topic: The Dowry System: A Social Curse Outline: 1. Greeting: The speech should begin with a polite and impactful greeting to capture the audience’s attention. “Respected President on the dais, esteemed guests, venerable teachers, and my dear brothers and sisters present here, my cordial greetings to all of you.” This greeting respects all important sections of the assembly and creates a positive atmosphere.

2. Introduction: After the greeting, the topic should be introduced directly and clearly so that the audience knows what issue you are going to talk about. “Today, I stand before you to share my thoughts on a serious and sensitive subject that has become a canker for our society. This subject is the dowry system , a social curse that has snatched the smiles of countless daughters and the happiness of many families.”

3. Address (Main Body of the Speech): This will be the main part of the speech, where various aspects of the topic (such as causes, consequences, legal provisions, solutions) will be discussed in detail. To maintain a connection with the audience, interrogative sentences (“Is this right?”, “Just think…?”) and emotional appeals will be used intermittently. (The main body of the speech would come here…)

4. Vote of Thanks: At the end of the speech, it is essential to thank the audience for their patience and time. This reflects your humility. “I am sincerely grateful to all of you for listening to my thoughts with such patience and attention. I hope that we will all reflect on this burning issue together and resolve to bring about a positive change.”

5. Taking Leave: Finally, one should conclude with a strong and positive message. “Let us all come together to build a society where a daughter is respected for her virtues, not for the goods of dowry. With these words, I conclude my speech. Thank you! Jai Hind!”

This outline covers all the necessary dialogue-related elements for an effective speech, enabling the establishment of a strong and meaningful dialogue with the audience.

Q6. Write an invitation letter to an expert professor from the university to deliver a special lecture on the occasion of the proposed Premchand Jayanti in your college.

Ans. To, Professor Avdhesh Kumar Singh, Head, Department of Hindi, University of Delhi, Delhi – 110007.

Date: July 15, 2025

Subject: Invitation to deliver a special lecture on the occasion of Premchand Jayanti.

Respected Sir,

We are extremely pleased to inform you that our college, Government Post Graduate College, Noida, is organizing a celebration for the birth anniversary of the emperor of fiction, Munshi Premchand, on July 31, 2025 , at 11:00 AM in the college auditorium. Premchand’s literature is as relevant today as ever and is capable of guiding society.

On this occasion, we wish to deeply acquaint our students with Premchand’s literary contributions and the contemporary relevance of his ideas. We are all familiar with your profound study and expertise in the field of Hindi literature, especially fiction. Your research work on ‘Premchand and the Indian Farmer’ is considered a milestone.

Therefore, we humbly request you to accept our invitation to be the keynote speaker and deliver a special lecture on the topic ” The Relevance of Premchand’s Literature in the Contemporary Perspective “. Your guidance will be extremely inspiring and enlightening for our students and faculty.

We will contact you shortly by telephone regarding detailed information about the program and arrangements for your travel, etc.

Awaiting your gracious presence.

With thanks.

Yours sincerely, (Dr. Suresh Verma) Convener, Department of Hindi Government Post Graduate College Noida, Uttar Pradesh

Q7. Elucidate the language of print media.

Ans. Print media is one of the oldest and most effective mediums of mass communication, including newspapers, magazines, books, posters, etc. The language of these media has its own distinct form and specific characteristics, which depend on their purpose and target audience. The main characteristics of the language of print media are as follows:

1. Use of Standard Language: In print media, especially in newspapers and reputable magazines, Standard Hindi (Parinishthit Bhasha) is used. The purpose is to ensure that the message reaches a vast readership without any linguistic barrier. Special attention is paid to grammatical and spelling accuracy.
2. Clarity and Simplicity: The language of print media must be clear, simple, and easy to understand so that the general reader can easily grasp the subject matter. The use of complex and ornate language is avoided, especially in news. Presenting information directly and effectively is its main goal.
3. Objectivity and Factualness: The language of news must have the quality of objectivity. There is no place for the reporter’s personal opinions or feelings. The language should be fact-based and impartial. Words like ‘said’, ‘stated’, ‘according to’ are used to indicate the source of information.
4. Conciseness: Print media has space limitations, so the language must be concise and pithy. Conveying maximum information in minimum words is considered a good quality. News headlines are the best example of this, being both attractive and brief.
5. Diversity: The language of print media shows diversity according to the subject and genre. In the same newspaper, there is a difference between the language of news, editorials, features, and the sports page. The language of an editorial is serious and analytical, while the language of a feature can be more creative and literary. Similarly, the language of magazines changes according to their target audience (e.g., women, children, literature lovers).
6. Modernity and Influence of Other Languages: The influence of English and other languages is clearly visible in contemporary print media. The use of ‘Hinglish’, especially in youth-focused magazines, has become common. Many English words related to technology, business, and sports have been adopted into Hindi as they are, such as ‘budget’, ‘computer’, ‘doctor’, ‘cricket’, etc.

Thus, the language of print media is simultaneously standard, simple, objective, and diverse, successfully fulfilling its primary purpose of disseminating information.

Q8. Explaining official writing, shed light on the importance of language in official writing.

Ans. Official Writing refers to the writing process used in government or non-government offices for the execution of administrative, business, and organizational tasks. It includes letters, circulars, memos, notifications, press releases, minutes, and reports. It is an important medium of formal communication. The main purpose of official writing is the precise and clear exchange of information, ensuring compliance with orders, and keeping a record of activities. In this context, the importance of language in official writing is paramount. Even a minor linguistic error can cause great confusion, dispute, or legal problems. The importance of language in official writing is evident from the following points:

1. Clarity: Official language must be absolutely clear and unambiguous. The message should convey the exact meaning that the sender intends. Ambiguous words and complex sentences should be avoided to prevent any confusion for the reader.
2. Precision and Accuracy: In official writing, facts, figures, dates, and instructions must be presented with complete accuracy. The language must be precise; there is no room for estimation or probability. For this, terminological and technical vocabulary is used.
3. Formality: The nature of official writing is formal. The use of personal feelings, informal words, or idioms is prohibited. A prescribed format and etiquette are followed, such as the use of ‘Sir/Madam’, ‘Yours faithfully’, etc.
4. Objectivity: There is no place for the writer’s personal opinions or biases in official writing. It should be completely objective and impersonal. Instead of using phrases like ‘I’ or ‘I think’, sentences like ‘as directed’, ‘it is requested’ are used.
5. Conciseness: Unnecessary elaboration should be avoided in official writing. Stating the point directly and in the fewest possible words is considered a good quality. This saves time and keeps the focus on the main message.
6. Legal Validity: Many official documents, such as contracts or notifications, have legal significance. Their language must be so precise and clear that they can be correctly interpreted in case of any future legal dispute.

In short, in official writing, language is not just a medium of communication but an essential tool for running the administration smoothly, maintaining transparency, and fulfilling legal obligations.

Q9. Mention the linguistic features of a story you have read.

Ans. I have read the famous story ‘Kafan’ (The Shroud) written by Munshi Premchand. This story is known for its realistic subject matter as well as its distinctive linguistic structure. The main linguistic features of the story ‘Kafan’ are as follows:

1. Character-Appropriate Language: The greatest feature of this story is its language, which is appropriate to the characters. The main characters of the story, Ghisu and Madhav, are poor and uneducated individuals from the lowest strata of society. Premchand has used language that suits their social and economic status. Their dialogues are a wonderful mix of rural dialect, vernacular words, and a natural tone, which makes their characters lively and believable. For example, a dialogue like, “If you have to die, why don’t you die quickly? What’s the use of watching?” reveals their insensitivity and reality.
2. Realistic and Natural Language: The language of the story is not artificial or ornate, but extremely natural and grounded in reality. To depict poverty, laziness, and social apathy, Premchand has chosen a language that directly touches the reader’s heart. There is no pretension in the language, which makes the story’s content even more powerful.
3. Satire: Another important feature of ‘Kafan’s’ language is its deep satire . The language appears simple on the surface, but within it lies a sharp critique of socio-religious beliefs, customs, and human selfishness. When Ghisu says, “What a bad custom it is that one who doesn’t even get a rag to cover their body while alive needs a new shroud upon death,” this dialogue delivers a powerful satire on the entire system.
4. Dialogic Style: A large part of the story progresses through the dialogues between Ghisu and Madhav. These dialogues are extremely natural, crisp, and dramatic. The characters’ personalities, their mentality, and the entire conflict of the story emerge through these dialogues.
5. Simple Vocabulary and Short Sentences: Premchand has used common, colloquial words and kept the sentence structure simple. This maintains a flow in the story and helps the reader to easily connect with the plot. By avoiding Sanskritized or difficult words, he has kept the language close to the common man.

In conclusion, the language of the story ‘Kafan’ is completely intertwined with its content. It is not just a medium, but a tool in itself that elevates the story’s realism, satire, and tragic impact to its peak.

Q10. Explaining the importance of the diary genre, discuss its language.

Ans. Diary writing is a very personal and intimate genre of literature. In it, the writer records their day-to-day experiences, thoughts, feelings, and internal conflicts in a dated format. It is, in a way, a dialogue the writer has with themselves. Importance of the Diary Genre:

1. Medium of Self-Expression: A diary provides a safe space for an individual to express their feelings, joys, sorrows, and anxieties without any inhibition. It is an effective way to reduce mental stress.
2. Self-Analysis and Self-Improvement: Regular diary writing allows a person to evaluate their actions, decisions, and behavior. It is a powerful tool for self-reflection and self-improvement.
3. Preservation of Memories: A diary preserves important events, encounters, and experiences of life. It is like a personal history that can be looked back upon in the future.
4. Historical and Social Document: Sometimes, personal diaries become living documents of the contemporary society, politics, and historical events. For example, ‘The Diary of a Young Girl’ by Anne Frank is a poignant historical proof of the atrocities against Jews during World War II.
5. Development of Creativity: Diary writing develops the writer’s observation skills, thought processes, and writing skills. Many great writers began their creative journey with diary writing.

Discussion of the Language of a Diary:

Since the diary is an extremely personal genre, its language is also different and distinct from other literary genres:

• Informal and Intimate: The language of a diary is completely informal . In it, the writer talks to themselves or to the diary as a friend (e.g., “Dear Diary”). There is no literary pretension or artificiality.
• Emotion-Driven: The language of a diary is not logic-driven but emotion-driven. The true feelings of the writer’s mind (anger, love, hatred, excitement) are expressed freely.
• Unstructured and Free: It is not necessary to follow strict grammatical rules or a fixed style in a diary. It can have incomplete sentences, symbolic words, and a scattering of thoughts, which reflects the writer’s mental state at that moment.
• Immediacy: A diary is often written immediately after an event or on the same day, so its language has a touch of immediacy. The writer often uses the present tense or the immediate past tense.
• Honesty and Truthfulness: Because a diary is not written to be shown to others, its language has extreme honesty and truthfulness. It is an unfiltered reflection of the writer’s personality.

In short, the importance of a diary lies in its self-analytical and documentary nature, and the greatest strength of its language is its spontaneity, informality, and honesty.