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IGNOU BUDC-114 Previous Year Solved Question Paper in Hindi

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Q1. Take a detailed review of the causes of the Aligarh Movement and its effects on Urdu literature.

Ans. The Aligarh Movement was a significant socio-educational and literary movement for the Muslims of India in the latter half of the 19th century. This movement was led by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan . After the Revolt of 1857, Indian Muslims were lagging socially, politically, and educationally. Sir Syed realized that for the progress of this community, it was essential to adopt modern Western education and build a positive relationship with the British government. The major causes of the Aligarh Movement were:

• The political and economic decline of Muslims after the 1857 mutiny.
• The prevalence of a traditional education system among Muslims, which was not equipping them for the challenges of the modern world.
• Sir Syed’s belief that the progress of Muslims was possible only by embracing modern science and the English language.
• The need to bridge the misunderstandings between the Muslims and the British government.

Effects on Urdu Literature:

The Aligarh Movement had profound and lasting effects on Urdu literature. Its aim was to bring literature closer to life and make it a medium for social reform.

• Development of Simple Prose (Nasr): Sir Syed and his companions promoted a simple, direct, and purposeful prose style instead of ornate and difficult language. The objective was to convey their ideas to the common people.
• Advent of New Genres: This movement gave birth to new literary genres in Urdu such as essay writing (mazmoon-nigari) , biography, criticism, and the novel.
• Purposefulness (Maqsadivat): Emphasis was laid on the principle of “literature for life’s sake” (adab baraye zindagi) rather than “art for art’s sake” (adab baraye adab). Every literary work had a social or moral purpose.
• Prominent Writers: Key writers associated with this movement included Altaf Hussain Hali (Musaddas-e-Hali), Shibli Nomani (biography and history), and Deputy Nazir Ahmad (the first Urdu novelist), who spread the movement’s message through their writings.

In short, the Aligarh Movement gave a new direction to Urdu literature, moving it away from traditional themes and connecting it with modern social realities.

Q2. Shed light on the beginning and evolution of the Progressive Movement in Urdu.

Ans. The Progressive Writers’ Movement (Taraqqi Pasand Tehreek) was the most influential and organized literary movement in 20th-century Urdu literature. It was deeply influenced by Marxist ideology and social realism. Its objective was to bring about social, political, and economic change in society through literature. Beginning (Aaghaz): The movement was formally launched in London in 1935 , where a group of Indian students, prominently including Sajjad Zaheer , drafted a manifesto. In India, its first conference was held in Lucknow in 1936 , presided over by Munshi Premchand. Premchand’s presidential address, “The Purpose of Literature,” effectively became the movement’s manifesto. The ideological foundation for this movement had already been laid by the controversial collection of short stories, ‘Angarey’ (Embers), published in 1932, which launched a sharp attack on social and religious conventions. Evolution (Irtiqa):

• Early Phase (1936-1947): In this phase, the movement raised its voice against imperialism, feudalism, and social injustice. Writers wrote openly on subjects like poverty, hunger, exploitation, and women’s issues. Prominent writers of this era include Faiz Ahmad Faiz, Ismat Chughtai, Saadat Hasan Manto, Krishan Chander, and Rajinder Singh Bedi .
• Middle Phase (1947-1960): After the partition of India, the movement made the riots, the pain of displacement, and new socio-political challenges its literary subjects. However, ideological rigidity gradually began to increase within the movement, causing some writers to distance themselves from it.
• Decline: By the 1960s, the movement started to weaken due to its internal factionalism and accusations of being overly propagandistic. The rise of Modernism (Jadidiyat) , which focused on the individual’s inner world and psychological complexities, also diminished its influence.

Despite its decline, the Progressive Movement provided new energy and direction to Urdu literature by connecting it with social concerns. It brought literature out of palaces and the world of imagination and linked it to the life of the common man, establishing a strong tradition of realistic writing.

Q3. Describe the initial imprints and characteristics of the Modernism movement.

Ans. Jadidiyat (Modernism) is a significant literary trend in Urdu literature that emerged around the 1960s. It primarily developed as a reaction to the Taraqqi Pasand Tehreek (Progressive Writers’ Movement) , which was perceived as having become excessively socio-political and propaganda-oriented. Jadidiyat shifted the focus of literature from society to the individual’s inner world, his existence, and psychological complexities. Initial Imprints (Ibtidai Naqoosh): The roots of Modernism can be found in movements like Halqa-e-Arbab-e-Zauq , which had emphasized the principle of “art for art’s sake.” There was growing dissatisfaction among writers with the slogan-mongering and collective ideology of the Progressive Movement. The literary journal ‘Shabkhoon’ by Shamsur Rahman Faruqi and ‘Aurq’ by Wazir Agha played a crucial role in promoting and providing a platform for modernist ideas. These journals encouraged a new generation of writers to experiment and move beyond traditional literary norms. Characteristics of Modernism (Jadidiyat ki Khusoosiyat):

• Individualism: Modernism focuses on the individual rather than society. It gives prominence to the individual’s loneliness, alienation, anxiety, and existential crisis.
• Symbolism and Abstraction: Instead of direct and clear expression, Modernism employs symbols, metaphors, and imagery. This makes the literature more complex and multi-layered.
• Emphasis on Form and Technique: Along with the subject matter, great emphasis is placed on the style, form, and technique of writing. Techniques like stream of consciousness and interior monologue were used extensively.
• Deviation from Tradition: Modernism challenged traditional literary forms and language and sought new modes of expression.
• Art for Art’s Sake: It rejected any social or political purpose for literature and sought to establish it as an autonomous art form.

Shamsur Rahman Faruqi, Gopi Chand Narang, Enver Sajjad, Surendra Prakash,

and

Balraj Komal

are some of the key names associated with Modernism. This movement provided Urdu literature with a new aesthetic and a profound intellectual depth.

Q4. Write an essay on the establishment of Delhi College and its literary services.

Ans. Delhi College , originally established as a madrasa in 1792, was revived as a college by the British government in 1825. It was a major center for the dissemination of Western knowledge and science in 19th-century India, particularly in North India. Its most unique feature was that the medium of instruction here was the local language, i.e., Urdu , rather than English. Establishment (Qiyam): The main objective of establishing Delhi College was to acquaint the Indian elite, especially that of Delhi, with Western science, literature, and philosophy in their own language. The ‘Vernacular Translation Society’ associated with the college played a central role in fulfilling this objective. The society’s task was to translate important academic books from English into simple and accessible Urdu. Literary Services (Adabi Khidmat): The literary services of Delhi College are a milestone in the history of Urdu, especially in the development of Urdu prose.

• Development of Scientific and Academic Vocabulary: By translating books on subjects like history, geography, mathematics, physics, and chemistry, the college laid the foundation for a new scientific and academic vocabulary in Urdu. This transformed Urdu from merely a literary language into a language of knowledge.
• Promotion of Simple Prose: The need for translation gave rise to a simple, clear, and practical prose style, which later became an inspiration for Sir Syed Ahmad Khan and the Aligarh Movement. This was in contrast to the ornate and complex prose of the time.
• Intellectual Awakening: The college initiated an intellectual renaissance in Delhi. It produced many scholars and writers like Master Ramchandra, Maulvi Zakaullah, and Muhammad Husain Azad , who assimilated modern ideas and enriched Urdu literature.
• Development of Journalism: The college also contributed to the development of ‘Dehli Urdu Akhbar’, one of the first Urdu newspapers from Delhi, which helped in spreading new ideas.

Although Delhi College was destroyed during the 1857 Revolt, it left behind an intellectual and literary legacy that prepared the ground for the modernization of Urdu prose and for future literary movements, especially the Aligarh Movement.

Q5. Introducing the writers associated with the Romantic Movement, clarify the distinctions of this movement.

Ans. The Romantic Movement (Romanvi Tehreek) was a significant literary trend that emerged in Urdu literature in the early twentieth century. It primarily arose as a reaction to the rationalism, realism, and utilitarianism of the Aligarh Movement . This movement emphasized emotion, imagination, individualism, and love for nature over reason. Associated Writers (Wabasta Adeeb): The Romantic Movement was more of a literary tendency than an organized movement, and it influenced several writers.

• Sajjad Haider Yaldram: He is considered the pioneer of romantic prose in Urdu. Influenced by Turkish literature, he wrote stories and essays that were characterized by imagination, emotion, and a beautiful, poetic prose style.
• Niyaz Fatehpuri: He promoted romantic ideas through his journal ‘Nigar’. His writing, while intellectual and critical, was also imbued with deep emotionalism and a sense of aesthetics.
• Majnun Gorakhpuri: He was a prominent romantic critic and fiction writer. He emphasized the importance of emotion and the individual’s inner world in literature.
• Akhtar Shirani: He is known as the “Shayar-e-Roman” (Poet of Romance). His poetry is dominated by themes of love, beauty, nature, and a sense of melancholy.

Distinctions of the Movement (Tehreek ke Imtiyazat):

• Emphasis on Individualism: Romantic writers centered their writing on the emotions, dreams, and imaginations of the individual, rather than on society or the nation.
• Imagination and Emotion: Instead of reason and reality, greater importance was given to flights of imagination and the depth of emotions.
• Love for Nature: Nature was not just seen as a backdrop but as a living entity that reflected the individual’s feelings.
• Worship of Beauty: The movement is characterized by a worship of beauty, especially feminine beauty and the beauty of nature.
• Melancholy and Escapism: Romantic literature often shows a tendency to escape from the harsh realities of the world into an imaginary, beautiful world, and it carries a sense of sweet sadness.

The Romantic Movement provided Urdu literature with emotional depth and a new aesthetic sensibility, which further expanded the scope of the literature.

Q6. Review the literary services of Halqa-e-Arbab-e-Zauq.

Ans. Halqa-e-Arbab-e-Zauq (Circle of the People of Literary Taste) was a highly significant literary organization of 20th-century Urdu literature. It was founded on April 29, 1939, in Lahore . Initially, its name was “Majlis-e-Dastan-Goyan” (The Storytellers’ Assembly). This organization emerged parallel to the Progressive Writers’ Movement (Taraqqi Pasand Tehreek), but its objectives and ideology were different from those of the Progressives. The main objective of the Halqa was to free literature from the dominance of politics and ideology. Its central slogan was “Adab baraye Adab” (Art for Art’s Sake) , which was in opposition to the Progressives’ slogan “Adab baraye Zindagi” (Art for Life’s Sake). The Halqa believed that literature should be judged on its artistic and aesthetic merits, not on its social or political message. Literary Services (Adabi Khidmat):

• Promotion of New Poetry: The Halqa encouraged new experiments in Urdu poetry. Poets like Noon Meem Rashid and Meeraji , who were pillars of this organization, popularized free verse (Azad Nazm) and blank verse instead of the traditional ghazal. They introduced new subjects and a complex, psychological perspective into poetry.
• Emphasis on Personal Experience: The Halqa encouraged writers to express their personal and inner experiences rather than social slogans. It gave space in literature to the individual’s loneliness, alienation, and psychological complexities.
• Constructive Criticism: In the Halqa’s weekly meetings, members would read their works, and open, constructive criticism would follow. This process helped writers to refine their art and created a serious literary atmosphere.
• Foundation for Modernism (Jadidiyat): Halqa-e-Arbab-e-Zauq prepared the ground for the ideas and literary trends that later developed into the movement of Modernism (Jadidiyat) in the 1960s. By focusing on form, technique, and the individual’s interiority, it paved the way for the future.

In summary, Halqa-e-Arbab-e-Zauq saved Urdu literature from ideological narrowness and enriched it with artistic experimentation, psychological depth, and a new aesthetic.

Q7. Write a note on the tradition of Iham-goi in Urdu.

Ans. Iham-goi is a style of Urdu poetry that was particularly popular in Delhi in the early 18th century. “Iham” is an Arabic word meaning to create illusion or doubt. In this poetic style, the poet uses a word (called ‘zu-ma’nain’) that has two meanings: one is the ‘arth-e-qareeb’ (near meaning) which is common and obvious, and the other is the ‘arth-e-ba’eed’ (far meaning) which is less common and indirect. The poet’s intention is to convey the far meaning, while the listener first understands the near meaning. Tradition (Riwayat): The tradition of Iham-goi developed during the decline of the Mughal Empire. At a time of political instability, poets resorted to this style to showcase their artistic genius and command over the language. It became a kind of intellectual exercise and linguistic acrobatics. The leading poets of this style include Shah Hatim, Shakir Naji, Abru, and Mazmoon . In the initial phase of Urdu poetry’s development in North India after the arrival of Wali Deccani in Delhi, Iham-goi was a dominant trend. Example: Shab jo masjid mein ja phanse Momin Raat kaati Khuda Khuda kar ke Here, “Khuda Khuda kar ke” has two meanings. One is ‘by taking the name of God,’ and the other, the far meaning, is ‘with great difficulty.’ The poet intends the second meaning. Decline: Although Iham-goi gave some new words and idioms to the Urdu language, it soon came under criticism. Reformers like Mirza Mazhar Jan-e-Janan dismissed it as mere wordplay and emphasized simplicity, naturalness, and the expression of genuine emotions in poetry. Due to this reformist movement, the trend of Iham-goi came to an end, but it retains its historical importance as a significant phase in the development of Urdu poetry.

Q8. Write an essay on the literary services of Fort William College.

Ans. Fort William College was established in 1800 AD in Calcutta by the then Governor-General, Lord Wellesley . The main political objective of its establishment was to train the British civil servants of the East India Company in Indian languages, culture, laws, and customs so that they could govern effectively. However, despite this political objective, the college unintentionally played a historic and foundational role in the development of modern Urdu prose. The head of the Hindustani Department of the college was Dr. John Gilchrist , a visionary linguist. He realized the need for a simple, clear, and standardized prose language for administration. At that time, Urdu prose was either ornate and complex under the heavy influence of Persian or scattered in various dialects. Literary Services (Adabi Khidmat):

• Foundation of Simple Prose (Sada Nasr): Under Gilchrist’s guidance, the college gathered scholars and writers from different parts of India and encouraged them to write and translate books in a simple, colloquial language. This effort rejected the ornate style and laid the foundation for a practical, functional prose style.
• Important Publications: The college’s writers produced several important books. The most famous among them is Mir Amman’s ‘Bagh-o-Bahar’ , which is still considered an outstanding example of simple and idiomatic Urdu prose. Other important works include Haidar Bakhsh Haidari’s ‘Aaraish-e-Mahfil’ and Sher Ali Afsos’s ‘Bagh-e-Urdu’.
• Based on Khari Boli: Fort William College based its prose on Khari Boli , the dialect spoken in and around Delhi. This decision established a standard for future Urdu prose and helped it become a widespread medium of communication.
• Urdu-Hindi Standardization: The college played a significant role in the standardization of the language and prepared a literary and academic base for Urdu prose.

In conclusion, although Fort William College was established for a colonial necessity, it gave a new direction to Urdu prose under the leadership of Dr. Gilchrist. It made Urdu a simple, accessible, and powerful medium of expression, upon which modern Urdu literature was later built.

Q9. Write a short note on any two: (a) Post-modernism (b) Prose characteristics of the Lucknow School (c) Companions of Sir Syed (d) Characteristics of Deccani literature

Ans. (a) Ma Ba’d Jadidiyat (Post-modernism) Ma Ba’d Jadidiyat, or Post-modernism, is a broad intellectual and cultural trend that emerged in the late 20th century as a reaction to Jadidiyat (Modernism). Its influence in Urdu literature began to be felt around and after the 1980s. While Modernism emphasized the inner world of the individual and the autonomy of art, Post-modernism challenged these ideas. Its main characteristics are:

• Rejection of Grand Narratives: It rejects any single universal truth, ideology, or ‘grand narrative’. It holds that truth is relative and multi-dimensional.
• Decentralization: It gives importance to marginalized voices instead of the center, such as Dalit, feminist, and regional discourses.
• Intertextuality: It believes that no text is complete in itself but is composed of references to other texts.
• Deconstruction: It emphasizes exposing the hidden meanings, contradictions, and power structures within a text.

In Urdu, critics like

Gopi Chand Narang

and

Shamsur Rahman Faruqi

promoted the post-modernist discourse. It made literature more democratic and provided an opportunity for many new voices to join the literary mainstream.

(c) Sir Syed ke Rufaqa (Companions of Sir Syed) “Sir Syed ke Rufaqa” refers to the group of writers, scholars, and reformers who assisted Sir Syed Ahmad Khan in advancing the goals of the Aligarh Movement in the late 19th century. These companions empowered Sir Syed’s educational, social, and literary mission with their writings and actions. They were united under a single ideology aimed at the modernization and reform of Indian Muslims. The ‘Panch-Ratna’ (Five Jewels) of Sir Syed are particularly famous:

• Altaf Hussain Hali: A great poet and critic. His poem ‘Musaddas-e-Hali’ poignantly depicted the plight of Muslims and served as a wake-up call. His critical work ‘Muqaddama-e-Sher-o-Shairi’ laid the foundation of Urdu criticism.
• Shibli Nomani: A distinguished historian and biographer. He instilled a sense of self-respect among Muslims by writing about Islamic history and heroes.
• Deputy Nazir Ahmad: He is considered the first novelist of Urdu. Through his novels (‘Mirat-ul-Uroos’, ‘Taubat-un-Nasuh’), he conveyed messages of moral and social reform, especially female education.
• Maulvi Zakaullah: A historian and translator who, following the tradition of Delhi College, translated books of science and knowledge into Urdu.
• Maulvi Chiragh Ali: A scholar who attempted to reconcile Islam with modern science.

The collective efforts of these companions transformed the Aligarh Movement into a nationwide intellectual movement and laid the foundation of modern Urdu literature.