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IGNOU MSW-010 Previous Year Solved Question Paper in Hindi

IGNOU MSW-010 Previous Year Solved Question Paper in English

Q1. Enumerate the regulatory role played by the government in the establishment and management of philanthropic organizations.

Ans. In India, philanthropic organizations, also known as Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), Trusts, or Societies, play a crucial role in social development. The government plays a dual role in their establishment and management—on one hand, it encourages them, and on the other, it ensures transparency and accountability by regulating their activities. This regulatory role of the government is manifested through the following legal frameworks and mechanisms:

1. Registration and Legal Recognition: The government ensures that all philanthropic organizations operate within a legal framework. Various acts have been established for this purpose:

• The Societies Registration Act, 1860: This is the most common act under which organizations with literary, scientific, and charitable purposes are registered. Organizations must submit details of their objectives, rules, and executive committee members to the Registrar of Societies.
• The Indian Trusts Act, 1882: Private trusts are registered under this act. Public charitable trusts are generally formed under their own trust deeds and are governed by state-specific Public Trusts Acts.
• Section 8 of the Companies Act, 2013: Under this act, non-profit companies can be registered with the objective of promoting art, science, commerce, religion, or charity. They are required to apply their profits to promoting their objectives and cannot pay dividends to members.

2. Taxation and Financial Regulation: The government encourages philanthropy by providing tax exemptions, but this requires strict compliance with regulations:

• Income Tax Act, 1961: It is mandatory for organizations to get registered under Section 12A/12AA/12AB to avail tax exemption on their income. Furthermore, obtaining certification under Section 80G allows donors to claim tax deductions on their donations, which helps organizations in fundraising.
• Annual Returns: To avail these exemptions, organizations must regularly file their income tax returns, detailing their annual income and expenditure.

3. Regulation of Foreign Contribution: Controlling the receipt and utilization of foreign funds is one of the most critical aspects of the government’s regulatory role, ensuring it does not pose a threat to national security.

• The Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act, 2010 (FCRA): It is mandatory for any philanthropic organization to obtain FCRA registration from the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) to receive foreign donations.
• Strict Compliance: Under FCRA, organizations must receive foreign funds only in a designated bank account, use them solely for the purposes for which they were received, and file a detailed annual return with the MHA on the receipt and utilization of funds. Violation of FCRA rules can lead to cancellation of registration and legal action.

4. Monitoring and Management: The government monitors the management and operations of these organizations through various bodies:

• Annual Reports and Audits: Societies and Section 8 companies are required to submit their annual activity reports and audited financial statements to the respective Registrar.
• NITI Aayog’s NGO Darpan Portal: Registration on this portal is mandatory for all NGOs seeking government grants. This helps the government maintain a centralized database of NGOs.
• Right to Investigate: If an organization is suspected of misusing funds or engaging in illegal activities, the relevant government department (e.g., Registrar of Societies, Charity Commissioner, or MHA) has the authority to inspect its books and accounts, conduct inquiries, and, in serious cases, dissolve the organization.

In conclusion, the government’s regulatory role strikes a balance between facilitating and controlling the philanthropic sector. It ensures that genuine organizations can work without hindrance while holding fraudulent and mismanaged organizations accountable. This framework is essential for maintaining public trust in philanthropic work.

(Or) Trace the social work values and ethics in India.

Ans. The values and ethics of social work in India are the product of a rich and diverse heritage, influenced by ancient Indian philosophy, medieval devotional movements, colonial-era social reforms, and the universal principles of modern professional social work. Tracing its roots helps us understand its unique character in the Indian context.

1. Ancient and Medieval Philosophical Roots: The foundation of Indian social work can be found in ancient texts and traditions that emphasize service and benevolence:

• Concept of Dharma: Dharma means more than just religion; it signifies duty, morality, and right conduct. It included an individual’s duties towards society, such as helping the needy.
• Dana and Seva: ‘Dana’ (giving) and ‘Seva’ (selfless service) have been core elements of Indian culture. It was believed that helping others was a virtuous act.
• Karuna and Ahimsa: Philosophies like Buddhism and Jainism placed immense emphasis on compassion (Karuna) and non-violence (Ahimsa) towards all living beings, which are at the heart of social work.
• Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam: The concept that “the whole world is one family” promotes a sense of universal brotherhood and responsibility towards all human beings.

2. 19th and 20th-Century Social Reform Movements: During British rule, several social reformers challenged the evils prevalent in Indian society. Their work formed the basis of modern social work values:

• Raja Ram Mohan Roy: He campaigned against the practice of Sati and advocated for women’s rights and education, reflecting the value of social justice.
• Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar: He worked for widow remarriage, based on the principles of human dignity and equality.
• Jyotiba Phule and Savitribai Phule: They challenged caste-based discrimination and gender inequality and opened the doors of education for Dalits and women. Their work epitomizes the values of social justice and empowerment.

3. Influence of Gandhian Philosophy: Mahatma Gandhi’s ideas are among the most profound influences on Indian social work:

• Sarvodaya: It means “welfare of all.” It reflects the goal of social work to ensure the well-being of every member of society.
• Antyodaya: It means “upliftment of the last person.” Gandhiji believed that the worth of any policy or action depends on how it affects the poorest and weakest person in society. This is a powerful principle of social justice.
• Trusteeship: According to this principle, the wealthy should not consider themselves owners of their excess wealth but ‘trustees’ of society, and should use it for the welfare of the community.

4. Modern Values and Ethics of Professional Social Work: Professional social work in India began in the 20th century, adapting principles from the West to the Indian context. Today, Indian social workers adhere to the following universal values and ethical principles:

• Dignity and Worth of the Person: Respecting every individual regardless of their background, caste, religion, or gender.
• Social Justice: Challenging inequality, discrimination, and oppression, and advocating for the equitable distribution of resources.
• Service to Humanity: Prioritizing the needs of others and working for their well-being.
• Integrity: Practicing in a trustworthy and honest manner.
• Competence: Continuously enhancing one’s knowledge and skills and working within the limits of one’s abilities.
• Right to Self-Determination: Empowering clients to make their own decisions about their lives, while ensuring their safety and well-being.
• Confidentiality: Keeping the information shared by the client confidential, unless required by law or to protect life.

In conclusion, the values and ethics of social work in India are a unique blend of the ancient spirit of ‘Seva’ and the modern ‘rights-based’ approach. It draws inspiration from Gandhian principles and universal human rights, making it relevant and effective for dealing with the complex socio-economic realities of Indian society.

Q2. What do you mean by philanthropic social work? Explain.

Ans. Philanthropic social work is a combination of two concepts: ‘philanthropy’ and ‘social work’. To understand it, it’s important to grasp the meaning of both terms. ‘Philanthropy’ literally means ‘love of humanity’. It is the act of voluntarily giving time, money, or expertise in an organized and strategic manner for social good. On the other hand, ‘Social Work’ is a professional and academic discipline that seeks to enhance the social functioning and overall well-being of individuals, families, groups, and communities by helping them.

When these two are combined, philanthropic social work emerges. It is an organized effort that uses philanthropic sentiments and resources to solve social problems through the principles, methods, and skills of professional social work. It goes far beyond simple charity or pity.

The main characteristics of philanthropic social work are as follows:

1. Organized and Structured Approach: Unlike individual charity, philanthropic social work is carried out through formal organizations such as trusts, foundations, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). These organizations have clear missions, defined goals, strategic plans, and accountability mechanisms.

2. Use of Professional Methodology: It is not based on good intentions alone. It employs trained and qualified social workers who use scientific and systematic methods to analyze social problems and intervene. These methods include:

• Case Work: Working with individuals and families to solve their problems.
• Group Work: Working with groups of people with shared problems.
• Community Organization: Organizing the community to identify their needs and mobilize resources to meet them.
• Social Action: Advocating and mobilizing to change unjust social structures and policies.
• Social Work Research: To assess needs, evaluate the effectiveness of programs, and build knowledge.

3. Focus on the Root Causes of Problems: Philanthropic social work strives to address the root causes of social problems (e.g., poverty, illiteracy, lack of healthcare) rather than just treating the symptoms (e.g., giving food to the hungry). Its aim is to bring about lasting change.

4. Emphasis on Sustainability and Empowerment: Its goal is to make communities self-reliant and empowered, rather than dependent on external aid. It creates programs that are community-owned and can continue for the long term, even if external funding ends. For example, instead of distributing free seeds, teaching farmers sustainable agricultural techniques and linking them to markets is a sustainable approach.

5. Innovation and Risk-Taking: Since philanthropic organizations are relatively free from the constraints of government bureaucracy, they can often test new and innovative solutions to social problems. They are willing to take risks in areas where the government or the private sector may not invest.

Examples:

• A cancer care program run by the Tata Trusts , which uses professional health workers to provide affordable cancer treatment and awareness across India.
• The work of the Azim Premji Foundation , which works professionally with social workers and academicians to improve the quality of education in government schools.
• A corporate CSR initiative that implements a water conservation project in a village through an NGO, with social workers ensuring community participation.

In summary, philanthropic social work combines the ‘soul’ of philanthropy (the spirit of giving) with the ‘science’ of social work (professional methodology). It is a powerful mechanism for translating philanthropic resources into effective, accountable, and sustainable social interventions.

(Or) “Social workers encounter a wide range of ethical dilemmas.” Discuss with suitable examples.

Ans. This statement is entirely accurate; social workers face a wide range of ethical dilemmas in their professional lives. An ethical dilemma is a situation where a social worker must choose between two or more conflicting ethical principles, values, or obligations. In such situations, there is no easy or clearly ‘right’ answer, and choosing any option may have some negative consequences.

The practice of social work is intertwined with human relationships and complex social problems, making it ethically challenging. Some of the key ethical dilemmas faced by social workers are as follows:

1. Confidentiality vs. Duty to Protect: A core principle of social work is to keep the client’s information confidential to build a relationship of trust. However, this principle turns into a dilemma when the client expresses an intention to harm themselves or someone else.

• Example: In a counseling session with a school social worker, a teenage student expresses suicidal thoughts. The dilemma here is: should the social worker maintain the promise of confidentiality with the student, or should they break confidentiality by informing the student’s parents or the school administration to save their life? Breaking confidentiality could damage the student’s trust, but not doing so could endanger their life.

2. Client’s Right to Self-Determination vs. Professional Duty of Care: Social workers believe in empowering clients to make their own decisions about their lives. But what if the client’s decision is harmful to them?

• Example: An elderly person suffering from a serious illness refuses medical treatment and wants to rely on unproven alternative therapies. The social worker must respect their right to self-determination, but at the same time, they are concerned for the person’s health and safety. The dilemma here is to what extent to intervene.

3. Dual Relationships and Boundaries: This dilemma arises when a social worker has more than one type of relationship with a client (e.g., professional and personal). This is particularly common in small, rural communities.

• Example: In a small village, a social worker’s client is also the shopkeeper from whom they buy their daily groceries. This dual relationship can blur professional boundaries and lead to conflicts of interest, favoritism, or exploitation.

4. Allocation of Limited Resources: Often, NGOs and agencies have limited funds, time, and services, while the number of people in need is very large.

• Example: An NGO has funds for the education of only ten children but receives applications from twenty equally needy families. The social worker faces the ethical dilemma of deciding on what basis to select the beneficiaries that is fair and just. Any selection criteria will leave some needy children out.

5. Truth-Telling vs. Protecting the Client’s Feelings: Social workers must decide how much information to give to a client, especially if the truth could be distressing or harmful.

• Example: A social worker at an adoption agency knows some negative (but not dangerous) information about a child’s biological family. They must decide whether to disclose this information to the prospective adoptive parents, which could jeopardize the adoption, or to withhold it to ensure a stable home for the child.

To resolve these dilemmas, social workers often use ethical decision-making models, consult with their supervisors and colleagues, and refer to their profession’s code of ethics. In conclusion, ethical dilemmas are an inherent and challenging part of social work practice. Navigating them successfully requires critical thinking, a strong grounding in ethical principles, and a commitment to the client’s best interests.

Q3. (a) What are the legal requirements for a philanthropic organization to receive organized grants and foreign donations?

Ans. For any philanthropic organization, adhering to a strict legal framework is mandatory to receive organized grants and foreign donations. This process ensures transparency, accountability, and the proper utilization of funds. The main legal requirements are as follows:

For Receiving Organized Domestic Grants:

1. Legal Registration: The organization must be registered as a recognized legal entity. In India, the three main options are: a Society under the Societies Registration Act, 1860; a Trust under the Indian Trusts Act, 1882, or the relevant state’s Public Trust Act; or a Non-profit Company under Section 8 of the Companies Act, 2013.
2. Tax-Exemption Registration: Registration under Section 12A/12AA/12AB of the Income Tax Act, 1961 is extremely important. This certification exempts the organization’s income from tax, proving its charitable nature. Most grant-making agencies consider this a mandatory requirement.
3. 80G Certification: Obtaining certification under Section 80G of the Income Tax Act allows donors to claim tax deductions on their donated amount. This makes the organization more attractive to individual and corporate donors.
4. Regular Compliance: The organization must regularly file its income tax returns and get its accounts audited.
5. NGO-Darpan Portal: To receive grants from government departments, registration on NITI Aayog’s NGO-Darpan portal is now mandatory.

For Receiving Foreign Donations: The most important law for foreign donations is the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act, 2010 (FCRA).

1. FCRA Registration: To receive foreign funds, the organization must obtain FCRA registration from the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA). This requires the organization to be at least three years old and to have spent a certain amount (currently around Rs. 15 lakhs) on its objectives.
2. Prior Permission: If an organization is new or wants to receive a one-time foreign donation for a specific project, it can apply for ‘Prior Permission’ from the MHA.
3. Designated Bank Account: According to new rules, all foreign donations can only be received in a designated ‘FCRA Account’ opened in a specific branch of the State Bank of India (SBI), New Delhi.
4. Strict Reporting: The organization must file an annual return online each financial year, detailing the foreign funds received and utilized.
5. Restrictions on Utilization: Foreign funds can only be used for the purposes for which they were received. They cannot be transferred to any other non-FCRA registered organization.

Non-compliance with these legal requirements can lead to heavy penalties, cancellation of registration, and legal action against the organization.

Q3. (b) “Sustainability is the main concern of philanthropic social work.” Comment.

Ans. This statement is absolutely correct; “sustainability” has become a primary and central concern in modern philanthropic social work. Sustainability means creating solutions that are long-term, self-reliant, and continue to benefit the community even after external support has ended. This marks a significant shift from the traditional concept of charity, which often focused on short-term relief.

The main reasons for the concern for sustainability in philanthropic social work are as follows:

1. Avoiding a Culture of Dependency: If an organization continuously distributes only relief materials (like food, clothes), it can create a culture of dependency in the community. The goal of sustainability is to empower people to the point where they can meet their own needs. It is based on the principle of ‘teaching a person to fish’ rather than ‘giving a fish’.

2. Ensuring Long-Term Impact: Solving social problems like poverty, illiteracy, and poor health takes time. Projects that last only for the funding period have a superficial impact. A sustainable project, such as a community health clinic managed by a local committee that runs on a nominal fee, can have a long-lasting impact.

3. Financial Stability: The philanthropic organization itself needs to be sustainable. Being entirely dependent on a single donor or grant is risky. Therefore, organizations try to raise funds from various sources for their financial stability, such as:

• Creating a Corpus Fund: A permanent fund of which only the interest is spent.
• Social Enterprise: Earning income by selling products or services.
• Diverse Donor Base: Raising funds from many small individual donors.

4. Community Ownership and Empowerment: A project is only sustainable when the community considers it ‘theirs’. Philanthropic social workers ensure community participation at every stage, from planning to implementation. When community members are involved in the decision-making process, they take responsibility for the project’s success and continuation.

Example: A non-sustainable approach is to install a handpump in a village and leave. A sustainable approach is to install the handpump, train villagers to repair it, form a water committee that collects a small fee from each household for maintenance, and spread awareness about water conservation.

In conclusion, sustainability distinguishes philanthropic social work from mere charity. It ensures that the investment made leads to lasting social change that will also benefit future generations.

Q3. (c) Explain the role and skills of a philanthropic social worker.

Ans. A philanthropic social worker is a unique professional who acts as a bridge between the world of philanthropy (donors, foundations) and the world of social needs (communities, individuals). They ensure that philanthropic intentions are translated into effective, ethical, and sustainable social action. Their role is multifaceted and requires specific skills.

Roles:

1. Enabler/Facilitator: They help individuals and communities to identify their problems, find solutions, and use their own capacities to implement them.
2. Advocate: They raise their voice for the rights of marginalized groups and lobby for policy changes in their favor.
3. Broker/Mediator: They connect people in need with necessary resources, services, and opportunities.
4. Program Manager: They plan, implement, budget, and monitor and evaluate social projects.
5. Resource Mobilizer: They write grant proposals, build relationships with donors, and raise funds for the organization’s work.
6. Researcher: They conduct needs assessments at the grassroots level, evaluate program impact, and develop an evidence-based understanding of social issues.

Skills:

To perform the above roles effectively, a philanthropic social worker must possess the following skills:

• Core Social Work Skills: Empathy, active listening, excellent communication skills, and the ability to build trust-based relationships.
• Analytical and Research Skills: The ability to deeply understand social problems, assess needs, and measure program impact using data.
• Program Planning and Management Skills: The ability to design projects with clear goals, activities, and timelines, create budgets, and lead teams.
• Fundraising and Financial Management Skills: Writing persuasive grant proposals, attracting donors, and understanding financial reporting and budgeting.
• Communication and Advocacy Skills: The ability to articulate their case clearly and effectively to donors, policymakers, and the general public.
• Cross-Cultural Competence: The ability to work respectfully and effectively with people from diverse cultural, social, and economic backgrounds.

In short, a philanthropic social worker is a professional who combines the heart of a social worker with the mind of a manager to ensure the maximum social impact of philanthropic resources.

Q3. (d) Enlist the means of fund raising.

Ans. Fundraising, or resource mobilization, is a critical activity for the sustainability of philanthropic organizations and the successful operation of their programs. An effective fundraising strategy involves a mix of different sources and methods. The main means of fundraising are as follows:

1. Grants: This is financial assistance given by one organization to another for a specific project or program.

• Government Grants: Grants received from central, state, or local government bodies and departments.
• Foundation Grants: Grants received from private, corporate, or community foundations (e.g., Tata Trusts, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation).
• Corporate Grants: Funds given by companies under their Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiatives.

2. Individual Donations: This is donations received from the general public or wealthy individuals.

• Retail Giving: Collecting small amounts from a large number of people through online crowdfunding platforms (e.g., Ketto, Milaap), email campaigns, or social media.
• Major Donors: Building relationships with High Net Worth Individuals (HNIs) and receiving large donations from them.
• Payroll Giving: Employees of companies donating a fixed amount from their monthly salary.

3. Events: Organizing special events to raise funds and increase awareness.

• Examples: Charity dinners, concerts, marathon runs, auctions, and fairs.

4. Earned Income / Social Enterprise: The organization earning income by selling products or services related to its mission.

• Examples: Selling handicrafts made by women’s self-help groups; a vocational training center running courses for a nominal fee.

5. Legacy / Planned Giving: Encouraging people to leave a donation for the organization in their will. This provides long-term financial security for the organization.

6. In-kind Donations: Receiving assistance in the form of goods or services instead of money.

• Examples: An IT company donating computers, a law firm giving free legal advice (pro-bono service), or a company providing space in its office.

A successful organization creates a strategic mix of these various means according to its needs and capacities.

Q4. (a) Give a brief account of philanthropy in modern India.

Ans. Philanthropy in modern India has evolved from the traditional concept of ‘daan’ (charity) to a more organized and strategic form. It is no longer just religious or pity-based but is result-oriented and professional. Its key features include the rise of large private foundations (e.g., Azim Premji Foundation) established by new-age entrepreneurs. The mandate of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) under the Companies Act, 2013, has institutionalized a significant financial flow from the corporate world to the social sector. Today’s philanthropy emphasizes data, scalability, and impact assessment to ensure that the money invested leads to real and sustainable social change.

Q4. (b) Explain Gandhian philanthropy.

Ans. Gandhian philanthropy is not just charity or pity, but a profound philosophy based on social justice and ethics. At its core are the principles of ‘Sarvodaya’ (welfare of all) and ‘Antyodaya’ (upliftment of the last and the weakest person). Its central idea is ‘Trusteeship’ , according to which a wealthy person is not the owner of their excess wealth but a trustee of society, and they must use that wealth for the good of the community. This philosophy respects the dignity of the recipient and promotes self-reliance ( Swadeshi ), rather than making them dependent on aid.

Q4. (c) Define the various dimensions of philanthropy.

Ans. Philanthropy has several dimensions that define its nature and approach.

• Source Dimension: Who is giving? This includes individual, family, corporate, and foundation philanthropy.
• Form Dimension: What is being given? It can be financial (money), in-kind (goods), time (volunteering), or expertise (pro-bono services).
• Approach Dimension: How is it given? This can range from traditional charity (short-term relief) to strategic philanthropy (long-term, systemic change) and venture philanthropy (organizational capacity building).
• Issue Area Dimension: In which sector is the donation directed? This includes areas like education, health, environment, arts and culture, and human rights.

Q4. (d) State the need of a philanthropic social worker.

Ans. The need for a philanthropic social worker arises to bridge the gap between philanthropic intentions and effective social impact. They ensure that donated resources are used efficiently, ethically, and with maximum impact. Instead of just giving relief, they conduct professional needs assessments, design evidence-based programs, and measure outcomes. Their presence ensures that interventions are community-centric, empowering, and sustainable, rather than creating dependency. They translate the vision of donors into real social change on the ground.

Q4. (e) What are the different types of social interactions?

Ans. Social interaction is the process through which individuals act and react to one another. Sociologists primarily classify it into two types:

1. Associative Interactions: These bring people together.
   • Cooperation: Working together for a common goal.
   • Accommodation: Adjusting to one another to reduce conflict.
2. Dissociative Interactions: These create tension or distance.
   • Competition: Striving against others for a limited goal or resource.
   • Conflict: Directly struggling against an opponent to defeat or eliminate them.

Q4. (f) Explain the duties in social work profession.

Ans. The duties in the social work profession are guided by the professional code of ethics and a commitment to social justice. The main duties are:

• Duty to Clients: To promote their well-being, respect their self-determination, maintain confidentiality, and provide competent service.
• Duty to Colleagues: To treat them with respect, collaborate effectively, and engage in constructive consultation.
• Duty to the Profession: To uphold the integrity and values of social work, contribute to the knowledge base, and prevent unauthorized practice.
• Duty to Society: To advocate for social and economic justice, promote the general welfare, and work to eliminate discrimination and oppression.

Q5. (a) Values of social work

Ans. The values of social work are the core beliefs and principles that guide professional practice. The main ones include: Service (prioritizing the needs of others), Social Justice (challenging injustice and inequality), Dignity and Worth of the Person (respecting every individual), Importance of Human Relationships (recognizing relationships as central to change), Integrity (acting in a trustworthy manner), and Competence (striving for professional growth). These values form the ethical foundation of the social work profession.

Q5. (b) Concept of human duties

Ans. The concept of human duties refers to the moral or legal obligations that individuals have towards their community, society, and humanity as a whole. It is the counterpart to human rights; where rights are entitlements, duties are responsibilities. In many philosophies, such as Gandhian thought, duties are considered primary. Examples include the duty to respect the rights of others, obey the law, protect the environment, and contribute to the well-being of society. Article 51A of the Indian Constitution lists the Fundamental Duties of citizens.

Q5. (c) Scope of philanthropy

Ans. The scope of philanthropy is very broad and includes any voluntary action for the public good. It is not limited to just donating money. It covers various issues such as poverty alleviation, education, health, environmental protection, arts and culture, and human rights. Its actors include ordinary citizens, families, large corporations, and foundations. The scope of philanthropy also includes financial donations, volunteering time and skills (pro-bono work), and in-kind contributions. It ranges from local community projects to global initiatives.

Q5. (d) The changing face of the Indian philanthropy

Ans. Indian philanthropy is undergoing a major transformation. It is moving from traditional, informal, and often faith-based charity towards an organized, secular, and strategic approach. Large, professionally managed foundations established by new-age entrepreneurs are gaining prominence. The mandatory CSR law has ensured a large flow of funds from the corporate world to the social sector. There is now more emphasis on data, measurement, and impact assessment, ensuring that philanthropy leads to real and sustainable change.

Q5. (e) Compassion

Ans. Compassion, literally meaning “to suffer with,” is a deep awareness of another’s suffering, coupled with a desire to alleviate it. It is more active than empathy or sympathy. Empathy is feeling what another person feels, while compassion is the motivation that transforms that feeling into action. In social work and philanthropy, compassion is a core driving force. It is the emotional foundation that fuels the commitment to service, social justice, and helping those in need.

Q5. (f) Corporate strategic philanthropy

Ans. Corporate strategic philanthropy is an approach where a company’s charitable activities are aligned with its overall business objectives. It goes beyond just donating money. In this, the company leverages its core competencies, resources, and employees to address social issues that are relevant to its business or community. For example, a technology company running a digital literacy program. This approach creates ‘shared value’, benefiting both society and the business.

Q5. (g) Social Auditing

Ans. Social Auditing is a process through which an organization assesses its performance on its social, ethical, and environmental goals. It is a way of measuring and reporting on social impact, just as a financial audit measures financial performance. It involves consulting with stakeholders (e.g., beneficiaries, staff, community) to understand their views on the organization’s activities. This process enhances accountability and transparency and helps organizations to improve their strategies.

Q5. (h) Resource Management

Ans. In the context of philanthropic organizations, resource management means the efficient and effective planning, allocation, and control of an organization’s resources. These resources include not only financial assets (money), but also human resources (staff and volunteers), physical resources (offices, equipment), and intellectual resources (knowledge, brand). Good resource management is crucial for achieving the organization’s mission, ensuring financial sustainability, and maximizing the impact of every rupee and every person-hour invested.